polyphony through the 13th

Question 1

Polyphony

Answer 1

• music in which voices sing together in independent parts
• types of polyphony: motet and organum
• at first was a style of performance

Question 2

Counterpoint

Answer 2

• singers improvising plain chant departed from simple parallel motion to give their parts independence,
• they set the stage for counterpoint.
• combination of multiple lines

Question 3

Harmony

Answer 3

The need to regulate the different independent sounds of each line (countepoint) harmony was created.

Question 4

Organum

Answer 4

• A form of troping the chant
• But now it is added with a horizontal extension across the whole chant
• Reached its sophistication in Notre dame
  *new layers of music
  Now you dont have to add a trope before or after chants

Question 5

Parallel and oblique Organum

Answer 5

When a plainchant melody in the principle voice is duplicated fifths below the organol voice.

Sometimes, it produces a harsh sound so to prevent this Oblique motion was invented,

which the organ voice (added part) was melodically different with:
wider intervals including dissonances.

Question 6

Free organum or discant

Answer 6

Singing a melismatic passage against a single note of the chant

In this style:
the organal or added voice has rhythmic and melodic independence

later called discant

Question 7

Leoninus (1163-90)

Answer 7

• A notre dame composer
• being called the great singer or composer
• perotinus is his collegue as the beset discant maker
• wrote great book of polyphony “magnus liber”
• which contains two voice settings for the solo sections of respnsorial chants,
• diferent settings for the same passage of chants

Question 8

Organum Duplum or Aquitaine organum

Answer 8

Lower voice (an existing chant) holding long notes while upper voice (added) singing melismatic.

this was called organum Duplum

Question 9

rhytmic modes

Answer 9

singer in france devised a system of rhytmic notation involving patterns of long and short notes (rhytmic modes)

Question 10

Clausula

Answer 10

A section in Discant style was called Clausula

> Characteristically more consonant,
Short phrases
Lively pacing because both voices >move in modal rhythm

Modal rhythm is long and short notes

Question 11

early Motet (13th)

Answer 11

• > Use of borrowed chant material in the tenor, the tenor is called Cantus Firmus
• > originated when the Notre dame composers troped the Clausula repertory from the Magnus Liber
• • Cantus Firmus (borrowed material from chant)
• soon regarded as a secular genre so this opened up possibilities

Question 12

Protinus (1200-38)

Answer 12

student of Leoninus

> Created a clausula repertory
Added voices to organum, 3 to 4

Question 13

Franconian

Answer 13

> The Triplum bears a longer text and a faster moving melody with short notes
rather than written in one melodic line and rhythm