1
Q
define health
A
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases and infirmity- WHO
2
Q
define morbidity
A
illness and the reporting of disease
3
Q
mortality
A
the death of people. It is measured by a number of indices including death rate, infant mortality, case mortality and attack rate
4
Q
define attack rate
A
the number of cases of a disease diagnosed in an area, divided by the total population, over the period of an epidemic
5
Q
define infant mortality
A
the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 year expessed by 1,000 live births per year
6
Q
define case mortality
A
the number of people dying from a disease divided by the number of those diagnosed ad having the disease
7
Q
define crude death rate
A
the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
8
Q
what is stage 1 of the DTM?
A
AGE OF PESTILENCE AND FAMINE
mortality is high and fluctuates, low/variable life expectancy
9
Q
what is stage 2 of the DTM?
A
AGE OF RECEDING PANDEMICS
rate of mortality decreases, av. life expectancy increases, pop. growth is sustained and rises exponentially
10
Q
what is stage 3 of the DTM?
A
AGE OF DEGENERATIVE AND MAN-MADE DISEASES
mortality continues to decrease and eventually approaches stability at a relatively low level, av. life expectancy inreases
11
Q
what is stage 4 of the DTM?
A
AGE OF DELAYED DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
declining death rates concentrated at advanced ages, life expectancy increases
12
Q
give 5 economic and social developments linked to improved healthcare
A
- investment in drainage/sewage systems
- advances in medical technology
- improved sanitation
- better education about sanitation
- better trading of resources
13
Q
environmental variables and the incidence of disease- CLIMATE
A
- drought leads to crop failure= famine
- flooding can lead to water-bourne diseases
- hayfever and asthma linked to the natural environment
- radiation and UV exposure can lead to cancer
14
Q
environmental variables and the incidence of disease- TOPOGRAPHY
A
- flat land= flooding= carry water-bourne diseases
- high land=landslides
15
Q
environmental variables and the incidence of disease- NATURAL HAZARDS
A
- Haiti EQ 2010
- before EQ, country lacked sewage systems
- After EQ, cramped and unhygienic conditions of refugee camps made diseases like cholera spread. 2010-2014: 8,500 deaths from cholera
16
Q
environmental variables and health- AIR QUALITY
A
- outdoor pollution
- burning fossil fuels= respiratory diseases, CVD
- polluted air was linked to 37mil premature deaths worldwide in 2012
17
Q
environmental variables and health- WATER QUALITY
A
- 2 million annual deaths due to unsafe water, poor sanitation and hygiene
- human sewage contamination
- stagnant water= mosquitoes= malaria
18
Q
Global distribution of malaria
A
- kills 1 child every minute, mostly in Africa
- 229mil cases in 2019, 94% of which were in Africa
- 3.2bn people live in areas at risk of malaria
19
Q
what is malaria?
A
-parasite effects red blood cells causing anemia and jaundice
20
Q
how is malaria treated?
A
- 2021 vaccine given to children, will stop 3/10 cases
- preventative: insecticide treated mosquito nets (only 46% in Africa have them)/indoor spray
- anti-malaria drugs reduces the chance of getting malaria by 90%
21
Q
impact of socio-economic environments on malaria presence
A
- 58% of the total global burden of malaria is concentrated amongst the poorest 20% of the global population
- unsanitary conditions= increased risk
- groups at risk: young children, pregnant women, people with HIV/AIDS
22
Q
what physical factors encourage/discourage malaria carrying mosquitoes?
A
- breed in stagnant water/rain
- transmission greatest in areas during and just after a rainy season
- high temperatures encourage breeding
23
Q
impact of malaria on peoples health and well-being
A
- 3.2bn (more than 40% of world pop.) at risk of catching malaria
- 90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa
- increased school and work absenteeism= reduces qualifications= limits £ earned= less £ spent on healthcare
24
Q
reasons why non-communicable diseases are more prevalent
A
- people are less physically active, increased car use
- longer lifespans increases risk of ‘old-age’ diseases
25
causes of non-communicable diseases
-lack of exercise, smoking, stress, diet, pollution, inheritence
26
how much higher is mortality from CHD in smokers?
60%
27
what % of heart attacks in Western Europe are due to high cholestrol?
45%
28
what are common treatments of CHD?
- angioplasty/stent insertion
- bypass graft
- medication
- disease prevention
29
simple stage 1 of DTM
high BR, high DR, small natural inrease, e.g. Amazon tribes
30
simple stage 2 of DTM
high BR, falling DR, increasing natural increase, e.g. Kenya
31
simple stage 3 of DTM
falling BR, falling DR, increasing at a slower rate natural increase, e.g. China
32
simple stage 4 of DTM
low fluctuating BR, low fluctuating DR, small natural increase, e.g. UK
33
simple stage 5 of DTM
low BR
| DR rises slightly, e.g. Germany
34
give 3 limitations of the DTM
- doesn't explain why places are in that stage
- no time scale
- doesn't take into account diseases etc.
35
give 2 strengths of the DTM
- model is dynamic, showing change through time
| - model provides an adequate description of how western industrial societies have evolved
36
what is the demographic dividend?
the benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents, such as children and the elderly. A boost in economic productivity results from growing numbers in the workforce relative to the number of dependents
37
Give 2 disadvantages of the demographic dividend
- the boost in productivity will create extra demand in the economy and this may cause environmental degradation and pressure on natural resources, unless managed sustainably
- over time the bulge will move up the population structure which will put strain on healthcare services
38
Define migration
A permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of an individual or group of people
39
Define forced migration
The migrant has to migrate because of circumstances e.g. natural disaster or war
40
Define international migration
The UN defines it as the movement of people across national frontiers, for a minimum of one year
41
Define net migration
The difference between the numbers of in-migrants and out-migrants in an area
42
Define voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to migrate
43
Define immigration
The action of coming to love permanently in a foreign country
44
Define emigration
Act of leaving the home country or place of residence to live elsewhere
45
Define asylum seeker
A person who has fled their country of origin and applies for asylum. States are under international obligation to consider claims for asylum and not to immediately return asylum seekers to the countries they have fled from
46
Define refugee
A refugee is a person who has fled armed conflict or persecution and who is recognised as needing of international protection because it is too dangerous for them to return home. They are protected under international law by the 1951 refugee convention, which defines what a refugee is and outlines the basic rights afforded to them. Legally a refugee is an asylum seeker whose claim for asylum has been granted
47
Define economic migrant
A person who travels from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of living by seeking employment
48
Example of the impact of migration on health
TB was thought to be eradicated in the UK by the 1980s. However the number of cases has increased over the past 2 decades. 3/4 of the increase has been in non uk born groups
49
Important facts and figures of the European migrant crisis
- 5,000,000 Syrian refugees escaping 5yr long war
| - 53% of all refugees arriving in Europe are from Syria
50
Impact of the Syrian migrant crisis on politics
- Germany offered to take 800,000 refugees
- At Calais, 3,000 migrants living in temp accommodation
- US. $4bn humanitarian aid
- EU politicians say they should stay in the state they first arrive in
51
Impact of the Syrian migration crisis on health
- many who live in neighbouring countries living in refugee camps
- 6,000 died in Mediterranean since 2014
- people trafficking
- UN unprepared. Refugee camps crowded, lacked food, disease
52
How long do estimates suggest it will still take the ozone to recover?
50 years
53
What are the risk factors for skin cancer
- exposure to UV radiation
- outdoor workers
- being fair skinned
- age and family history
- radiotherapy and weakened immune system
54
Give 3 facts about Australians and skin cancer
- 2/3 Australians will be diagnosed with skin cancer by the age of 70
- around 2,000 Australians die of skin cancer each year
- Australians are 4x more likely to develop skin cancer than any other cancer
55
Risk factors of cataracts
- geographical location
- altitude
- time of day
- setting
56
10% depletion of the ozone layer is expected to result in how many cases of cataracts globally each year?
2 million
57
Between 2005 and 2030, how many additional deaths per year does WHO estimate there will be because of malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea and heat stress?
250,000
58
What are the main risks posed by a heatwave?
- dehydration
- overheating
- heat exhaustion
- heat stroke
59
How much higher can UK death rates be in winter compared to summer?
25%
60
Describe arable farming
Growing/cultivating crops
61
Give a positive and a negative of arable farming
- more cultivated land=increased productivity
| - expensive mechanical cost
62
What is pastoral farming
Animal raising practice
63
Give a positive and a negative of pastoral farming
- animal manure used as fertiliser
| - land erosion from overgrazing
64
Describe mixed farming
Cultivation and rearing of plants and animals at the same time
65
Give a positive and a negative of mixed farming
- continuous production
| - maintenance of both types of farming is difficult
66
Describe intensive farming
High levels of input/output for areas of agriculture
67
Give a positive and a negative of intensive farming
- High yield = more money
| - increased use of fertilisers and chemicals
68
Describe extensive farming
Low productive agricultural zones
69
Give a positive and a negative of extensive farming
- less use of pesticides
| - low yield=less income
70
What is commercial farming?
Crops/trees grown for commercial purposes
71
Give a positive and negative of commercial farming
- improve infrastructure, low price of product
| - destroy natural forests
72
What is subsistence farming?
Focuses on farmers and their families needs
73
Give a positive and a negative of subsistence farming
- cheap, employment source
| - insufficient yield, depends on soil fertility
74
What is sedentary farming?
Repeated farming on the same piece of land. Once land loses fertility, it is left uncultivated to recover
75
Give a positive and a negative of sedentary farming
- low labour cost
| - land loses its fertility
76
What is nomadic farming?
Native people graze their animals on natural pastures. Keep migrating in search of better resources
77
Give a positive and a negative of nomadic farming
- easy migration, reliable food supply
| - unstable food supply, risk of robbers/hunters
78
What is GM farming?
Genetically modified. The DNA of plants is modified to be more beneficial
79
Give a positive and a negative of GM farming
- May contain more nutrients, usually cheaper
| - may increase antibiotic resistance
80
What is organic farming?
Uses organic fertilisers, emphasises techniques such as crop rotation and comparison planting
81
Give a positive and a negative of organic farming
- fewer crop imports necessary, efficient land use
| - financial risk, may not be suitable for poor regions
82
What is the green revolution?
Increase of high yielding crop varieties/ technologies. Increased yields for millions of farmers
83
Why has agricultural production and consumption increased more quickly in LICs?
- higher rates of population growth
| - slower growth of demand in HICs due to slower population increase
84
Name physical inputs into agricultural systems
- Climate: rainfall, length of growing season, temperature
| - relief: soils and drainage
85
Name human inputs into the agricultural system
-labour, rent, transport costs, machinery, fertilisers etc
86
Name processes involved in the agricultural system
Ploughing, weeding, harvesting, milking, sowing
87
Name possible physical and human changes to the agricultural system
- floods, disease
| - change in demand, market price and govt. policy
88
Give positive outputs of the agricultural system
Products produced, crops, animals
89
Give negative outputs of the agricultural system
Pollution, soil erosion, waste products
90
Describe the location of the tropical monsoon climate
Above and below the equator. E.g. SE Asia, central Africa
91
What is the monthly mean temperature in tropical monsoon climates?
Above 18•C in every month
92
When is the wet season in tropical monsoon climates?
May to october
93
What causes a wet season in tropical monsoon climates?
Low pressure system
94
Name human activities in tropical monsoon climates
Tourism, farming, fishing
95
Describe the location of the polar tundra climate
A band that stretches across northern parts of the world. E.g. northern Russia. Northern europe
96
What is the average temperature every month in a polar tundra climate?
Less than 10•C to -40•C
97
What causes a polar tundra climate?
High pressure system
98
What is the population of polar tundra climates?
13.1 million
99
Name some human activities in polar tundra climates
- indigenous population grown due to increased healthcare and discovery of natural resources
- restricted, arable farming only where it is artificial
- fishing, adventure tourism and mineral extraction dominate rather than land based activities
100
What is the dependence in tropical monsoon climates like?
- subsistence farmers survival depends on seasonal changes
| - nothing is wasted. It’s used for animal food, kindling etc
101
what is the dependence like in polar tundra climates?
- climate supported indigenous people at subsistence levels for thousands of years
- sustainable hunting for caribou, seals and fish
102
explain how CC will affect the way people in monsoon regions live and farm
- increased temperatures= more flooding/droughts/crop failure
- reliability of crop will decrease= food security issues, malnutrition, migration
- new varieties of seed and crops that can withstand the changes
- farmers will need to be more versatile, loot at growing conditions, timings etc
103
explain how CC will affect the way people in tundra regions live and farm
- increased temps= increased sea level
- increased permafrost melting= methane released=heats atmosphere=global warming=more permafrost melted
- changes to traditional practices as ice retreats/melts
- lack of available food sources/changes in migration patterns of seals
104
what is climate smart agriculture (CSA)?
- addresses interlinked challenges to food security and climate change through an integrated approach
- economic: increasing productivity
- social: adapting/building resilience
- environmental: reduce/remove GHG emissions
105
how does climate change increase the risk of hunger?
- extreme weather events: CC increases risk of extreme weather events like droughts, floods and storms. They have potential to destroy crops and infrastructure which decreases QofL
- long term and gradual climate risks: sea level rise from CC affects lives on coastal areas
106
how does climate change affect food availability?
affects production of some stable crops. Higher temps have an impact on yields and changes in rainfall can affect crop quality and quantity
107
how does CC affect food access?
increase prices of major crops in some regions. Low agricultural output=low income
108
how does CC affect food utilisation?
CC can increase cycle of disease and hunger
109
how does CC affect food stability?
more intense and unpredictable weather events can affect current strategies to ensure food security, creating fluctuations in food availability, access and utilisation
Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Changing Places70
-
Global systems and global governance82
-
Population109
-
general changing places14
-
Killingworth11
-
Newcastle regeneration9
-
Byker10
-
Amsterdam reimaging3
-
Lake District- conflict4
-
Totnes, Devon- conflict4
-
Suburbanisation, Great Park, Gosforth6
-
gentrification- Notting Hill5
-
LA- heterogenous2
-
CHD10
-
Malaria12
-
food secutiry21
-
Major climate types0
