1
Q
Explain what a Census is
A
- In the UK, a census is taken on a single day, usually the third sunday of April once every 10 years. By law, everyone must take part.
- The info that is asked about each individual can be about your age, sex, occupation, birthplace, lifestyle, health and ethnic origin
2
Q
What is Civil Registration?
A
- Events such as births, marriages and deaths must be registered by law in the UK.
- This means data that was collected in a census can be updated and changes changed be monitored.
3
Q
What is Sampling?
A
- Population surveys are conducted to gather social and economic data, and can be conducted at regional, national or international levels.
- e.g The Scottish Household Survey
4
Q
What is Government Records?
A
- Information on migration may be gathered from visa applications or Borders Agency.
5
Q
What are the other ways countries can gather population data?
A
- Data from electoral roll and NHS records allows population data to be updated in between census collection.
6
Q
Why are language barriers a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Countries with many official languages have to translate their census forms and employ translators who can speak multiple languages
- For example, India has 22 official languages
7
Q
Why are low literacy levels a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Many people cant read or write, and therefore are unable to complete the forms or might make mistakes unintentionally.
- For example Chad has a literacy rate of 22.3%
8
Q
Why is the size of the population a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- The sheer size of some population make it very difficult to conduct a census.
- For example China and India have populations of 1.4 billion.
9
Q
Why is inaccessibility a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- The poor infrastructure and difficult terrain make it hard for people to deliver the census forms.
- For example, in the Amazon Rainforest.
10
Q
Why are wars a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Conflict can make it too dangerous for enumerators to enter.
- For example, Ukraine from the recent Russian invasion, where data can easily be outdated from people leaving the country.
11
Q
Why is cost a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Undertaking the census is a very expensive process, even for developed countries.
- In developing countries there may be higher priorities for spending, including housing, education and healthcare.
- For example the 2022 Scottish Census was estimated to cost £117M.
12
Q
Why is migration a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Rapid rural to urban migration, can make it difficult to gather accurate population data as data will become outdated very quickly.
13
Q
Why are Shanty Towns a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- Many people in developing countries may be living in Shanty Towns, or are homeless so have no official address, making it difficult to count them.
- An example of a shanty town is Dharavi.
14
Q
Why are illegal immigrants a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- People who are illegal immigrants are unlikely to complete a census for the fear of deportation, leading to inaccurate population data.
15
Q
Why is lying/fear of persecution a difficulty to collecting census data?
A
- People may lie especially within countries who do not support lesbian gay or certain religions within their country due to fear of persecution.
- Zimbabwe is an example of a country where it is illegal since 1981 to be apart of the LGBTQ.
16
Q
What are 3 problems of an aging population?
(working, less demand, dependency)
A
- In a country such as Scotland, an aging population implies a high dependency rate.
- In Britian there is a concern there is not enough people of working age - leading to shortages.
- There is less demand for services such as maternity healthcare and primary/nursery education.
17
Q
What are 2 problems of an aging population? (2)
A
- Older people increasingly provide substantial child support for grandchildren.
- There will be a greater need for geriatric care, which leads to extra costs for individuals, local authorities and governments.
- They may also have to prove meals on wheels and sheltered housing.
18
Q
What is a problem of an aging population? (3)
A
- It becomes difficult for governments to provide satisfactory pensions, which are funded by the working population.
- This may mean that the government might have to increase taxes to meet the short fall.
19
Q
What are 4 problems of an aging population? (things kids need)
A
- There is no need for schools and school teachers
- Industries which provide products for children, for example pram manufacturers may suffer
- In the long term, companies may have difficulty recruiting young workers.
- The economically active group gets smaller and smaller and has to support growing dependent population.
20
Q
What are 3 solutions to deal with an aging population?
A
- The retirement age could be increased to deal with cost issues, not often what the population want.
- Increasing tax to the working economy, which could then lead to migration of skilled workers.
- Young people planning their retirement early in their working life.
21
Q
What are the consequences of a youthful population?
(housing + national income)
A
- A high proportion of national income will be spent on education and child healthcare.
- Lack of housing will lead to overcrowding and in the future lead to the development of Shanty Towns
22
Q
What are the consequences of a youthful population? working + high rates
A
- The youthful population will move to the working economy, meaning jobs, houses, healthcare and power will have to be provided.
- It can lead to high rates of unemployment when all the kids grow up and look for jobs.
23
Q
What are the consequences of a youthful population? (3)
A
- Significant funding for maternity hospitals will be required as well as vaccination and immunisation programs.
- If healthcare, water and food availability begins to improve, the country may have to provide geriatric care which will be costly.
24
Q
What are the solutions of a youthful population?
A
- Introduce contraception and family planning = often difficult and costly for developing countries
- Introduce policies such as China’s One Child Policy = can lead to illegal murdering of babies born female.
25
What are the solutions of a youthful population? (2)
- Introduce basic healthcare to limit the number of babies who die at birth = usually done through charities.
- Provide incentives such as less tax or free healthcare to women who have a lower number of children.
26
What are the solutions of a youthful population? (3)
- Encourage women into work or further education = this could lead to migration of women, reducing population numbers
27
What are the Push Factors for Poland to Scotland?
- In 2004, unemployment in Poland was at 20%.
- Wages in Poland were 1/3 of Scotland’s.
- State benefits are very low in Poland compared to Scotland’s
- An acute shortage of housing in Poland meant that young couples had to live with their parents.
28
What are the Pull Factors for Poland to Scotland?
- The ease of migration to the UK.
- There was a positive currency exchange rate.
- There was plenty of available jobs such as construction workers and trades.
- In the UK it was common to earn more than enough to live on and have money to send back to Poland.
29
What are the impacts on Scotland from Poland?
- Polish workers may be exploited by employers.
- There may be increased demand on the NHS.
- Education may become strained due to the number of children who’s first language isn’t English.
30
What are the impacts on Scotland from Poland? (2)
- May lead to the development of overcrowded, multi-occupancy accommodation due to the pressure on housing in certain areas.
- The language barrier + cultural differences can read to racist tension with ethnic groups, tending to not integrate, adding to this tension.
31
What are the impacts on Poland from people emigrating to Scotland?
- Fewer people = less pressure on limited resources: good quality housing and healthcare allowing living standards to better.
- This will also reduce the unemployment rates for the country and migrants return with new skills.
32
What are the impacts on Poland due to people moving to Scotland? (2)
- Birth rate is lowered as male migrants are away so there will be a decline in population further reducing strain on resources.
- Migrants send money to their families meaning people have money in Poland to help improve the standard of living.
33
What are some push factors about Syrians moving to the UK (1)
- There was very little access to food or water prior to a drought in 2011
- By August 2014, 6.5 million people had been displaced in Syria by the Civil War
- There was little to no healthcare as hospitals had been destroyed and there was huge problems with disease.
34
What are some push factors about Syrians moving to the UK (2)
- There was little to no education, leaving high rates of illiteracy among young people - this could impact future development.
- Amnesty International states that 3 million Syrian children have not attended school in the past few years. This will lead to development issues as few people will be educated.
35
What are some pull factors about Syrians moving to the UK
- UK can offer a place of safety.
- UK was one of the many countries that accepted Syrian refugees. They were able to offer asylum money to many families.
- Education, healthcare and housing are readily available + free at a point of contact.
- People would be able to claim benefits to help with clothing + food until they managed to find employment.
36
What is the impact of Syria due to forced migration? (1)
- Massive population loss of 12 million refugees forced to move.
- The UN estimated 250,000 Syrians have died over the last 4 years.
- There has been destruction of the infrastructure, education, health and industry in many cities such as Damascus.
37
What are some of the problems for Scotland when Syrian citizens migrate to the country?
- The language barrier + cultural differences can lead to racial tension with ethnic groups tending not to integrate which could add to the tension.
- May lead to the development of overcrowded, multi-occupancy accommodations due to the demand for housing.
38
What is a push factors about Syrians moving to the UK
- Total collapse of the local economy. The value of the Syrian trade in 2010 was 2.73B - in 2014 it is 0.7B.
Higher Geography - All
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