1
Q
Birth rate:
A
How many babies are born per year per 1000 women
2
Q
What lowers birth rate?
A
1) Access to family planning and contraception
2) Education and the gaining of skills
3) Full time jobs and pursuit of career 4) Economic security (average child cost £50,000 to bring up)
3
Q
Death rate:
A
How many deaths per year per 1000
4
Q
What lowers death rate?
A
1) Access to clean water
2) Improved living conditions
3) Access to healthcare and medicine
4) Agriculture production and secure food supply
5
Q
Natural increase:
A
The difference between birth and death rates
6
Q
population change equation:
A
Population change = BR - DR ÷ 1000 X 100
7
Q
1) Infant mortality rate:
2) Life expectancy:
3) Fertility rate:
4) Total fertility rate:
5) Population density:
A
1) The number of deaths of infants under one years old per 1000 every year
2) The average numbers of years a person can expect to live
3) The number of live births in an area/country per 1000 women of childbearing age in a year
4) The average number of children a women is expected to bear in her lifetime
5) The number of people who live in a given area, usually measured per square kilometre.
8
Q
Dependency ratio:
A
Shows relationship between the economically active and dependent population.
9
Q
Dependency ratio equation:
A
(population aged 0-19) + (population aged 60+)
____________________________________
economically active population (20 -59)
The higher the dependency ratio, the more non-economically active there are.
10
Q
Stage 1 of DTM:
A
- Matis tribe, Amazonia, Brazil
- High fluctuating
- High birth rate and death rate = low population as they cancel eachother out
- Remote society, little medicine, low life expectancy, no birth control
11
Q
Stage 2 of DTM:
A
- Afghanistan
- Early expanding
- Birth rates are high and death rates are beginning to fall which causes increase in total population
- Improving health care, disease prevention, increase in life expectancy,
- Agricultural economy, large families still beneficial (children are economic assets), Shariah Law forbids birth control, no female emancipation
12
Q
Stage 3 of DTM:
A
- Brazil
- Late expanding
- Birth rates are beginning to fall and death rates are continuing to fall = more sustainable population
- Improving health care, birth control becomes available, increase in standard of living makes smaller families beneficial (children become economic costs), access to education.
13
Q
Stage 4 of DTM:
A
- UK
- Low fluctuating
Birth and deaths rates are low = creating a low and sustainable population - Economic growth, equality, emancipation of women, high standard of living, later marriages, single living
14
Q
Stage 5 of DTM:
A
- France
- Natural decrease
- Birth rates are lower than death rate = not enough babies are being born to reach replacement rate which causes an ageing population.
- Elderly population, rising death rate, career focused society, emancipation of women, postponement of motherhood.
15
Q
DTM strengths:
A
It is a dynamic model, showing changes in population through time.
The model helps to explain what has happened and why it has happened in that particular sequence.
16
Q
DTM weaknesses:
A
Based on the experience of industrialising countries and is not so relevant to non-industrialising countries.
The model assumed that stage 3 followed several decades after stage 2 and that the death rate fell as a consequence of changes brought about by changes in birth rate. This has often not been the case.
In some countries the onset of stage 3 was held back by the population’s attitude to family size, birth control, status, religion (e.g. Afghanistan, Pakistan).
17
Q
Elderly dependents:
A
Those people in a population over the age of 65 (retirement age)
18
Q
Economically active:
A
Those in a population between 20 and 65 (working age) who work and pay tax
19
Q
Young dependents:
A
Those people in a population who are under 15
20
Q
Describe stage 1 population pyramid
A
wide base - high birth rate
thin apex - high death rate
short
21
Q
Describe stage 2 population pyramid
A
Wide base - high birth rate
thin apex - falling death rate
taller
22
Q
Describe stage 3 population pyramid
A
less wide base - falling birth rate
less thin apex - falling death rate
taller
23
Q
Describe stage 4 population pyramid
A
less wide base - low/sustainable birth rate
less wide apex - low/sustainable death rate
tall
24
Q
Describe stage 5 population pyramid
A
thin base - very low birth rate
wide apex - very low death rate
tall
25
Changes to destination country due to migration:
- The proportions of the younger adult age groups (20 -34) increase.
- Males are more likely to migrate, causing an expansion on that side of the population structure.
- Birth rates rise and death rate falls.
26
Changes to country of origin due to migration:
- The younger adult age groups (20 -34) migrate, leaving behind an older population (ageing population)
- Males are more likely to migrate, causing an indentation on that side of the population structure.
- Birth rates fall and death rates rise.
27
Economic costs a benefits to destination country (UK)
Costs:
- The cost of educating migrants’ children
- Over dependence of some industries on migrant labour e.g. construction industry in UK
- Much of money earned, including pension payments is sent back to country of origin
- Increased numbers of people add pressure on resources - health care and education.
Benefits:
- Economic migrants tend to take up the less desirable jobs
- The host country gains skilled labour at reduced cost.
- ‘Skills gap’ is filled by qualified migrants
- Cost of retirement are transferred back to the source country.
28
Social costs and benefits to destination country (UK)
Costs:
- Dominance of males is reinforced, especially in countries where the status of women is low
- Aspects of cultural identity are lost - especially among second generation migrants
- Segregated areas of similar ethnic groups are created
- Schools dominated by migrant children
Benefits:
- Creation of a multiethnic society increases understanding of other cultures
- Influx of new and revitalised providers of local services - corner shops
- Growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets - e.g. ‘curry mile’ in Manchester.
29
Political effects on destination country (UK)
- Discrimination against ethnic groups and minorities which may lead to civil unrest and extremism.
- Calls for control on migration
- Entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism
30
Economic costs and benefits on country of origin (Poland)
Costs;
- The loss of young adult labour force
- Loss of those with skills and entrepreneurial talents which may slow economy development
- Regions where out migration takes place may suffer from a spiral of decline that is difficult to halt
Benefits:
- Reduced under-employment in the source country
- Returning migrants bring new skills to the country which may help revitalise home economy
- Many migrants send money home and much of this in reinvested in the home economy in projects such as new buildings and services
31
Social costs and benefits to country of origin (Poland)
Costs:
- The perceived benefits of migration encourage more of the same generation to migrate, which has a detrimental effect on social structure.
- Disproportionate number of females left behind
- The non return migrants causes an imbalance on population pyramids
- Returning retired migrants impose social costs on community if support mechanisms are not in place to cater for them.
Benefits:
- Population density is reduced and birth rates decrease
- Money sent home by economic migrants can finance improved education and health facilities
- Returning retired migrants increase social expectations in the community - demand for better leisure facilities.
32
Political effects on country of origin (Poland)
- Policies to encourage natural increase
- Policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow or to develop resources
- Requests for international aid
33
Case study for the balance between population and resources
UK - ageing population
| The main impacts will be on healthcare, pensions and housing.
34
Impacts on housing in the UK due to ageing population:
- As the number of elderly people and they age to which they live increases, some degree of segregation has taken place, particularly in terms of housing.
- Many elderly people have to decide whether or not to leave the family home when they are left on their own or have difficulty caring for themselves.
Housing departments move them out into sheltered accommodation or nursing homes because their homes are required for families.
- Clusters of purpose built bungalows occupy an area of estates - allows them to live a community with friends and family.
- Social functions are available such as churches and social clubs.
35
Impacts on health care in the UK due to ageing population:
- An ageing population places increasing pressure on health resources.
- Average health costs do rise with age, but the cost of this trend could be offset by people becoming healthier.
- Retired people continue to pay income tax and other taxes.
- Health costs tend to be compressed into the last years of life - compressed morbidity.
36
Impacts on pensions in the Uk die to ageing population:
- The state pension system transfers resources from the current generation of workers to the current generation of pensioners.
- As the population has changed the level of resource transfer required has increased.
- The system cannot be sustained in the future without significant change. 4 options have been suggested:
1) Pensioners become poorer relative to the rest of society
2) Taxes and national insurance contributions devoted to pensions increase
3) The rate at which individuals save for retirement increases
4) The average retirement age increases
37
Youthful population case study:
Iran
- There is evidence that the population growth rate in Iran is slowing down, even though it currently has a youthful population.
- There has been 4 revolutions for women - each influencing birth rates.
38
What are the four revolutions for women in Iran?
1) The urban revolution
- Women have moved to cities (Tehran) where they usually have less children than those who stay in rural areas.
- 66% of Iran is classed as urban
2) The education revolution
- Slow and steady increase in education for girls and women.
- Women who are educated are likely to marry later, become more aware of family planning and gain paid employment.
3) The working revolution
- Women who work in the cities find it more difficult to arrange childcare, and hence fewer children
4) The migration revolution
- Women who migrate from Iran to other Persian gulf states and Europe have a more Westernised lifestyle with smaller families and more consumer goods.
- By remaining in contact with friends and relatives, they have influenced social attitudes in the country.
39
Define over population
When there are too many people in an area for the available resources as illustrated by the quality of life
40
Define under population
When there are too few people in an area to use the available resources efficiently, limiting the quality of life
41
Define optimum population
The theoretical ‘ideal’ where the people can work with the available resources to achieve the best standard of living for the population, at a given level of technological development.
42
Define carrying capacity
- The maximum number of people it can sustainably support with the available natural resources
- The carrying capacity will vary through time with changes in technology and economic and social development.
43
Example of a anti-natal policy
The one child policy
44
When was the one child policy introduced?
1979
45
Why was the one child policy introduced?
The policy was introduced because of massive population growth. In 1970 there were 829 million people living in China – over 20% of the world’s population.
Famine and the future security of the nation's food supply was a major issue. With 20% of the world's population and only 7% of the world's farmland, the government instituted a strict anti natal policy.
46
General rules of the one child policy:
- Couples could not marry until their late 20s.
- Couples allowed only one successful pregnancy
- Couples sterilised after the first child or must abort any future pregnancies
- Only applied to the Han Chinese race (which make up 80% of the population)
- Couples in rural areas were allowed 2 children
47
How was the one child policy enforced?
- 10% salary cut was enforced & 10 x salary fine imposed if couples had a second child
- Forced abortions and forced sterilisations
- Second children born abroad not penalised, but not allowed to become Chinese citizens
- The ‘granny police’ - older women in the community - kept regular checks on younger women and ensured contraception was taken
- Parents who follow rules receive certificate and extra money when they retire
- Couples receive a 5 to 10% salary rise for limiting their family to one child
- Couples have priority housing, pension and family benefits, including free education for the single child
48
What are the consequences of the one child policy?
- Ageing population – a generation of single children now face the responsibility of caring for their elderly parents (e.g. elderly care, pension costs, healthcare).
Psychological trauma for many couples who faced forced abortions and forced sterilizations
Patriarchal society led to widespread infanticide of female foetuses (called gendercide).
Gender skew – 114 males to 100 females. Growing sex industry due to gender imbalance.
Little Emperor Syndrome – the policy has created a generation of spoilt single children.
Emancipation of women – less time needed to care for large families means women have been freed to concentrate on careers.
49
What are the benefits of the one child policy?
- Cured rapid population growth
- Population is more sustainable
- Growing economy as less people are having children
- The policy has been successful in the sense that it did what was it needed, it reduced population growth and created a sustainable population - Policy prevented 400 million births.
50
What is the future for the one child policy?
- The government have decided to relax the one child policy in late 2013 due to the growing aging population and a low economically active population which is unable to support the elderly.
- This causes pressure on health care services as there isn’t enough money being paid towards these facilities
- However families in urban areas are not having a second child as the propaganda used to enforce the one child policy has stayed in their heads and they believe that having one child really is best.
- It is also cheaper for couples to have one child.
51
Identify two alternative policies to the one child policy to control population growth
Indonesia - transmigration
| Kerala
52
Describe how Indonesia carry out their transmigration policy
- Overpopulation in Jakarta, Indonesia led to the government adopting a policy of transmigration.
- Instead of introducing a birth control policy, the government chose to move people from the densely populated parts of Indonesia to the sparsely populated outer islands.
- A house and a farming plot were provided, together with basic infrastructure and a living allowance intended to support the transmigrant families for the first 18 months.
The three main goals of transmigration were
1) To move millions of Indonesians from the densely populated inner islands (Java, Bali and Madura) to the less densely populated outer islands, to achieve a more balanced demographic development
2) To alleviate poverty by providing land and new opportunities for poor landless settlers to generate income
3) To exploit more effectively the potential of the outer islands
53
What are the criticisms/consequences of Indonesia's transmigration policy?
- Indonesia’s outer islands contain 10% of the world’s remaining rainforest and transmigration led to loss of forest
- Resettlement was political and intended to control the indigenous population of the outer islands (Irian Jaya, East Timor)
- Average resettlement costs of US$7,000 per family in the mid 1980’s, the programme was an economic disaster - increased national debt
- It failed to reach its core goals, rather than alleviating poverty the policy redistributed poverty
Most transmigrants were worse off in their new location because of inadequate planning and site preparation, poor access to markets and neglect of the soil and water necessary for prosperous agricultural economy.
- Made virtually no dent in the population pressure in Java
54
How have Kerala enforced their population control policy?
Kerala’s policy has been to improve education. Adult literacy rates have grown to 90% which improves employability. A career focused society has a lower birth rate.
Kerala has fully emancipated women which has reduced family sizes. More girls now go to university than boys.
Later marriages are encouraged.
A land reform programme gives each family 8ha of land so all are self sufficient. Larger families would be a disadvantage.
55
Give an example of a pro-natal policy
France pro -natal policy to tackle an ageing population
56
What incentives did France offer to increase birth rates
- Payment of up to UK £1064 to couples having third child
- Maternity leave, on near full pay, ranges from 20 weeks for the first child to 40 or more for a third.
- Full tax benefits to parents until the youngest child reaches 18
- 100% mortgage and preferential treatment in the allocation of 3 bedroom council flats
- 30% fare reduction on all public transport for 3 child families
- Pension schemes for mothers / housewives
- Child-orientated development policies e.g. provision of creches, day-nurseries etc
- Depending on the family's income, childcare costs from virtually nothing to around €500 a month for the most well-off.
57
UK Settlement case study:
Newcastle - Tyneside
1) Byker ward
2) Jesmond ward
3) Gosforth
4) Wylam
58
Identify characteristics of Byker ward
General information:
Inner City area just to the east of the city centre
- Typical employer:
Manufacturing industries such as brewing and steel fabrication and service industries such as tourism and retail
Housing:
- Chain of maisonettes
- Highest proportion of housing is terraced/semi detached housing ,smaller dwellings.
- Tenure: mortgaged or council houses.
- Only 7.89% of housing is owned outright
- Low priced housing
Population structure
- Typically over 45 years old, most educated to GCSE standard
- Predominantly white
- High unemployment levels
- White British (95%) core population; second generation migrants, asylum seekers (5%), high unemployment (7%).
59
Identify characteristics of Jesmond ward
A suburb built mainly in the early 20th century
Housing
- Some houses taken over by university as offices and faculties. Others are offices for businesses
- Large Georgian style houses- plenty of open space
- Elaborate large houses which are just far enough out from the centre to have avoided studentification – although there are a higher proportion of students in this Ward than the others.
- Predominantly terraced or flats, mixed number of housing tenures with length of stay up to 10 years
Population structure
- Aged between 18 and 41, full of youngers and older singles and couples,
- Studentification reflected in population; White British (92%); ethnic minorities/overseas students (8%), low unemployment (2%).
- Higher than average income earning is under £5’000,
60
Identify characteristics of Gosforth
Suburb built mainly in the late 20th century and now expanding outwards.
Rural urban fringe
Housing
- Highest proportion of housing live in semi detached or terraced housing
- Tenure: owned outright, mortgaged or privately rented.
- Large/elaborate family houses
- Recent infill on a brownfield site- close to quiet edge of city - retirement housing
- Another recent infill to a brownfield site close to Metro Station- perfect for young single people/couples who commute to the city centre
Population structure
- 96% White British, low unemployment (2%).
- 67.7% economically active in population of ward
- Mixed singles, couple and families.
Mixed age group
- 90.9% of overall ward population are employed
- Predominantly white british
- Largest ethnic minority group is south asian (3.1% of population)
61
Identify the characteristics of Wylam
Small rural village and Typical employer: Agriculture, education or business services.
Housing
- Approximately 800 households, with a population of 2085.
- Farm building converted into country homes
- New estates built on greenfield sites to meet demand for more housing.
- Housing types: detached/bungalows, some terraced
Population structure
- 98.8% White British, very low unemployment (1%), many retirees (17%).
- Highest percentage of retirees (compared to Byker, Jesmond and Gosforth Ward)
- Average age: 45 to 59 with wealthy affluence
AS Geography Human
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