1
Q
What are Environmental/Physical Factors in terms of population?
A
They include climate, relief, soils, vegetation and natural resources.
2
Q
What are Human Factors in terms of population?
A
They include economic activities, transport, and levels of development.
3
Q
What are the positive physical factors giving areas high population densities?
A
- No climate extremes
- Flat low-lying relief
- Vegetation is grass
- Soils are very fertile
- Natural resources of minerals,energy supplies, water supplies
4
Q
What are the positive human factors giving areas high population densities?
A
- Transport - linking other places
- Economic - money and technology to create industry and jobs
- Political - governments invest money, build new towns, add services
5
Q
How does climate link with population density?
A
- Few people live where the climate is very cold as the living conditions are unpleasant and expensive and food has to be imported because of the short growing season.
- Few people live where there is little rain as it is difficult to grow crops, the soil is often thin and poor because it is easily eroded by the wind.
6
Q
How does relief link with population density?
A
- Mountain ranges are areas of low population density because they are cold, the soil is thin, slopes are steep so it is difficult to build roads making it unattractive for industry.
7
Q
How does soil link with population density?
A
- Some river valleys are very crowded as the soil is fertile alluvium meaning it is possible to grow lots of food in a small area.
- Areas with poor soils are sparsely populated as the farms need to be huge.
8
Q
How does economic activity link with population density?
A
- Regions where the main activity is industry or services have high population densities, as large numbers of people can be employed in a small area, however, it takes a large area of land to support people who are farming.
9
Q
How do resources link with population density?
A
- Where the environment provides useful resources, the population density is higher because large deposits of minerals, like coal, attract people because of the many employment opportunities.
10
Q
How do communications link with population density?
A
- Areas where there are many roads, railways, airports, and ports, are more crowded because they attract industry giving employment opportunities.
- Remote areas deter people.
11
Q
How do technological developments link with population density?
A
- Countries with advanced technologies and well-educated people can support higher population densities.
- Countries with lots of natural resources aren’t crowded if they don’t have money to exploit their resources.
12
Q
What is urbanisation?
A
The move from rural to urban living.
13
Q
Name 5 factors pushing people from the countryside to cities.
A
- There is not enough land for everyone to farm
- Threat of crop failure and natural disasters
- Services are much poorer in the countryside
- Fewer medical facilities and schools
- Fewer basic amenities such as sewage disposal, electricity, and water
14
Q
Name 3 factors pulling people towards the city.
A
- Cities provide more and better services such as shops and entertainments.
- There are more job opportunities because most offices and factories are in cities.
- There is a much better medical and educational provision.
15
Q
Why do people from developed countries move to cities?
A
There are more and better-paid jobs (few jobs in farming) .They are also attracted to the shops and entertainment as well as being closer to public transport and having a greater choice when it comes to housing.
16
Q
What are the disadvantages of rural to urban migration?
A
Most migrants are young adults which means the countryside loses its most active population and farming has to be done by the middle-aged and elderly which means labour intensive work affects health and crops may then be neglected.
17
Q
What is the number of people being born called?
A
The birth rate (BR) and is defined as the number of births per 1000 people in a population (0/00)* in a year
*unit meaning ‘per thousand of population’
18
Q
What is the number of deaths called?
A
The death rate (DR) and is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population (0/00)* in a year
*unit meaning ‘per thousand of population’
19
Q
What is the average birth rate currently?
A
20 0/00
20
Q
What is the average death rate currently?
A
8 0/00
21
Q
What is the Natural Increase and how do you calculate it?
A
Natural Increase (Number of extra people) is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. e.g.- The natural increase in the world = 20 0/00 - 8 0/00 = 12 0/00 Which means for every 1000 people in the world, there are 12 more at the end of each year.
22
Q
Why do developing countries have high birth rates?
A
- Many children to help on farm
- Keep farm going during illness
- Children can later get jobs in city with good pay
- Care for parents when old
- May die young as infant mortality is high.
- Lack of contraception and family planning
23
Q
Why do developed countries have low birth rates?
A
- People get married later
- Increases in cost of living
- Career more important for women
- Cost of Childcare
- Compromises lifestyle
24
Q
Why do developing countries have high death rates?
A
- There is a lack of clean water.
- Many people live in poor housing with poor sanitation.
- Many people do not have enough to eat
- Diseases are more widespread
- There are fewer medical facilities
25
Why do developed countries have low death rates?
1. Safe, clean water is provided
2. Proper sanitation facilities are provided
3. People are generally well fed
4. Advanced medical facilities and advice are available
26
What is the move from rural to urban living called?
Urbanisation
27
What are the disadvantages of migration on the countryside?
Most migrants are young adults so the countryside loses its most active population so farming has to be done by the middle-aged and elderly. Labour intensive work affects health and crops may be neglected.
28
What are the advantages of migration on the countryside?
Less overcrowding so less pressure on land/resources to provide for the population. Migrants may also be able to send back money to assist families left behind.
29
What is the typical population structure of a developing country?
1. Many children because the birth rate is high (1/2 population under 15) so hospitals and doctors have to remain the main financial focus
2. Relatively few young adults because many children don't survive into adulthood
3. Less than half the population is of working age 4. Very few old people
30
What does the graph of the typical structure of a developing country look like?
1. Wide base - high birth rates
| 2. Rapid tapering - shows high death rates and low life expectancy
31
What are the advantages of rapid growth?
1. Large number of people available for the armed forces.
2. Increasing number of workers
3. Wage rates are lower so international companies can reduce labour costs
32
What are the disadvantages of rapid growth in rural areas?
1. Farms are becoming smaller so farmers have to farm more intensively to grow food
2. Increased deforestation to increase farmland or provide building material or fuel
33
What are the disadvantages of rapid growth in urban areas?
1. The government cannot afford to build houses for the whole population so people begin to build shacks and basic amenities.
2. Because there aren't enough job opportunities, crime rates and unemployment are high.
3. Schools and hospitals are overcrowded as they can't cope with extra people
4. Worsened traffic congestion
34
How can developing countries reduce their birth rates?
They can set up family planning clinics to provide contraception and advice
They can reward small families with things such as free education
They can make sterilisation and abortion more accessible
They can put restrictions on the age people can get married and the number of children and length of time between them.
35
How can developing countries increase their wealth?
Find and exploit natural resources such as coal and iron ore and oil
Improve farming practice and land use by using fertilisers and installing irrigation systems to increase yields
Clear forest to create more farmland
Develop manufacturing and tourist industries
36
What is the typical population structure of a developed country?
Birth rate is low so there is few children
There are many adults because in the past, birth rates were higher and and many children survived into adulthood (large working population)
There are many oldies because the death rates are so low
37
What are the advantages of slow growth?
There are more people of a working age
| There are fewer children so less money needs to be spent on caring for them, for example education
38
What are the disadvantages of slow growth?
More money is needed to pay for pensions and care services, sheltered housing, old peoples homes because of the increased oldies (greying of the population) meaning cost of halts care rises
Fewer people of working age who pay tax meaning there is less tax money.
Decreasing number of potential parents
39
How can raising paternity leave and increasing maternity benefits tackle the problem of slow growth?
This will encourage parents to have more children.
40
How can encouraging more women to work tackle the problem of slow growth?
The workforce will increase = more taxpayers
41
How can raising retirement age tackle the problem of slow growth?
Increase the number of taxpayers while reducing pensions. The U.K. raised the retirement age of women to 65 in 2010
42
How can allowing more immigrants in tackle the problem of slow growth?
It will increase the number of taxpayers and workers
43
How can encouraging people to take out private pensions tackle the problem of slow growth?
To reduce he cost of providing public pensions
44
What is the first stage of the demographic transition model?
High stationary population - stable population with slow natural increase
Birth rates: high
Death rates: high
U.K. In this stage: before 1760
In this stage today: a few remote groups
```
Reasons for changes in BR: many children are needed for farming
Many children die
No family planning
Reasons for changes in DR: disease
Famine
Poor medical knowledge
```
45
What is the second stage of the demographic transition model?
Early expanding population - increasing population with a rising natural increase
Birth rates: high
Death rates: rapidly falling
U.K. In this stage: 1760-1900
In this stage today: poorest developing countries such as Egypt Kenya India
Reasons for changes in BR:many children are needed for farming
Many children die
No family planning
Reasons for changes in DR: disease
Famine
Poor medical knowledge
Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation
46
What is the third stage of the demographic transition model?
Late expanding population - increasing population with a slowing natural increase
Birth rates: falling
Death rates: slowly falling
U.K. In this stage: 1900-1950
In this stage today: Brazil and most developing countries
Reasons for changes in BR: improved medical care and diet.
Fewer children needed
Reasons for changes in DR: disease
Famine
Poor medical knowledge
Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation
47
What is the fourth stage of the demographic transition model?
Low stationary population - increasing population with a stable natural increase
Birth rates: low
Death rates: low
U.K. In this stage: since 1950
In this stage today: USA, Japan, France, U.K.
Reasons for changes in BR: family planning
Good health
Improving status of women
Later marriages
improved medical care and diet.
Fewer children needed
Reasons for changes in DR: good health care
Reliable food supply
Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation
48
What is the fifth stage of the demographic transition model?
Declining population with a slow decrease
Birth rates: v. low
Death rates: low
U.K. In this stage: -
In this stage today: Germany, Australia
Reasons for changes in BR: family planning
Good health
Improving status of women
Later marriages
improved medical care and diet.
Fewer children needed
Reasons for changes in DR: good health care
Reliable food supply
Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation
