Clinal variation of skin color
a cline - continuum with an infinite # of gradations from one extreme to the other
2 ways to approach
2. metric traits, objective measurements
anterior nasal spine
smooth –> protruding
inferior nasal spine
sulcus (gutter) –> sill
interorbital breadth
narrow –> wide
nasal aperture width
narrow –> wide
nasal bone contour
smooth –> pointed
**where nasal bones come together
maxillary (facial) projection
flat –> orthognathic –> prognathic
flared zygomatic & gonial angle (eversion)
asian/native american trait
wormian bones
asian ancestry ** along sagittal suture
palate shape
rounded –> rectangular –> triangular
maxillary incisors
spatulate –> shoveled
**(front teeth)