POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Question 1

Define birth rate

Answer 1

Number of births per 1000 people per year

Question 2

Define death rate

Answer 2

Number of deaths per 100 people per year

Question 3

Define natural change

Answer 3

The difference between birth rate and death rate

Question 4

Define fertility rate

Answer 4

The number of births per 1000 women of reproductive age per year

Question 5

Define life expectancy

Answer 5

The average number of years a person is expected to live

Question 6

Define infant mortality

Answer 6

The number of babies who doe before they turn 1 per 1000 live births per year

Question 7

Define child mortality

Answer 7

The number of children who die before the age of 5 per 1000 live births per year

Question 8

what does global population change look like on a graph?

Answer 8

Question 9

Why is global population increasing?

Answer 9

Global population is increasing due to more births than deaths (natural increase).
* falling death rates - due to improved healthcare, nutrition and living standards
* rising birth rates (in some regions) - in some less developed countries due to lack of contraception and education and the need for agricultural labour

Question 10

Where is the highest food consumption in the world?

Answer 10

Food consumption is highest in the HICs and wealthiest parts of the world

Question 11

how is food distributed between countries ?

Answer 11

unevenly- enough food for everyone to have enough is produced across the globe but it isnt evenly distributed between countries leaving countries in:
* areas of food deficite and insecurity (without reliable access to suffiecient food thats nutritious) which more than 500 million face daily
* areas of surplus food security (access to safe suficient food all the time)

Question 12

define undernutrition

Answer 12

people that consume the united nations department of healths recomended daily minimum at 1940kcal for women and 2550kcal for men

Question 13

define malnutrition

Answer 13

people get sufficient calorises a day but not a balanced diet e.g. calorises from rices

Question 14

What do agricultural systems inclued?

Answer 14

inputs, processes and outputs

Question 15

what is commercial farming?

Answer 15

majority of produce is sold so income generated can provide livlihood for the farm and be reinvested
normally monoculture (single crop / animal species)

Question 16

what is subsistence farming?

Answer 16

majority of the proce grown is consumed by landower and workers

Question 17

what is intensive farming?

and what are the two types?

Answer 17

high level of inputs per unit of land so as much can be gotten out of the land, can be capital intensive or labour intensive

Question 18

what is labour intensive farming?

Answer 18

high number of workers and the farming relies heavily on human efforts for tasks like harvesting, planting and ploughing

Question 19

what is capital intensive farming?

Answer 19

farming that relies heavily on machinery and technology like large tractors, harvesters and soil improvements like fertilisers

Question 20

what is extensive farming?

Answer 20

farming carried out over a large area with few units inputted per area e.g. sheep farming in the lake district

Question 21

what is and how is agricultutural productivity measured?

Answer 21

represents how efficiently the agricultural industry uses inputs to convert to outputs
typically measured in terms of yield e.g. how many kg of grain per hectare of kg of meat per animal
most commonly used measurement is TFP (total factor productivity)

Question 22

what is total factor productivity?

Answer 22

ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs (land, labour, fertiliser, machinery and livestock)

Question 23

what improves TFP (total factor productivity) in crops?

Answer 23

• higher yielding - disease resistant crops and drought/ flood tolerant crops
• more effiecient harvesting and cultivating practices
• using tecnologies that indicate precisely when and how much water and fertiliser to apply

Question 24

what improves TFP (total factor productivity) in livestock?

Answer 24

• breeding animals with favourable genetics and charecteristics
• using better animal care and ddisease management
• adoption of high quality feeds contribute to productivity

Question 25

agricultural productivity in LICs

Answer 25

* limited capital and technology (limits yield) * infastructure deficits (inadequate storage, irrigation and transport links - low productivity and harvest losses) * LICs have a huge reliance on the primary sector

Question 26

agricultural productivity in HICs

Answer 26

* tecnology and investment (like selective breeding, fertilisers and tractors) * advanced infastructure (irrigation systems efficient transport networks and modern storage - greater productivity and minimised spoiled food) * reliable resource access e.g. to water

Question 27

what is arable farming?

Answer 27

farming of crops/ plants

Question 28

what are physical agriculture inputs?

Answer 28

* temperature * precipitation * wind * growing season * soil type * altitude * aspect * slope

Question 29

what are economic farming inputs?

Answer 29

* storage and other facilities * farm machinery * processing plant * transport * fertilisers and pesticides * market * money availability * seeds/ breeding stock

Question 30

what some losses/ hazards in agriculture?

Answer 30

**losses**- soil erosion and leaching of soil nutrients **hazards**- drought, hail, fire, crop disease

Question 31

what type of farming do nomadic tribes do?

Answer 31

generally extensive, livestock, subsistence e.g. sami people in a polar tundra environment do extensive reindeer hearing and farming where they migrate with the reindeer through the season

Question 32

what are the two types of soil to know?

Answer 32

Podsols and chernozems

Question 33

what are the charecteristics of podsols?

Answer 33

* thin litter of pine needles, leading to acidic humus (as the soil is harsh to grow in only pine trees can, so no other organic mattre to make the soil less acidic) * poor for agriculture * cold climate discourages organisms and the soil is to acidic for worms * well defined horizons and hardpan layers * acidic pH * poor drainage * low fertility * nutrients easily leached due to high rainfall, removing iron, aluminum and humus- infertile * dark reddish brown

Question 35

what location/ climate are podsols in?

Answer 35

* found in cold wet climates * common under coniferous forests * typical in upland northern areas * generally poleward of 60° N and in high altitudes in temperate regions

Question 36

how do podsols influence human activity?

Answer 36

* negatively impact agriculture due to acidic, low fertility and poor drainage * limits crop production * waterlogged and drainage issues * instead do forestry, logging industry, recreational land use * .........................................

Question 37

what are the effects of climate change on agriculture?

Answer 37

* lower yields in some sreas due to increased temperatures and reduced rainfall * northern america and northern europe may see increased productivity and longer growing seasons * distribution of tropical plant pests likely to widen * more extreme weather events such an floods and wildfires likely to destroy large areas of agriculture * wildlife migration due to climate change affect food sources for indegionous populations in polar regions * coastal flooding due to sea level rise will diminish land area for crops in low lying regions such as bangledesh * increased soil problems from extreme rainfall and drought * crops developed to adapt to changing climate such as drought resistant rice varieties

Question 38

what is food security?

Answer 38

refers to humans ability to access a diet of sufficient quantity and quality to meet daily health needs and lead an active life

Question 39

how do you assess food security ?

Answer 39

consider: * peoples physical **availability** of food * peoples physical and economic **access** to food * the **quality** of available food and how its stored and prepared

Question 40

large spatial variations exist in food security, what areas are most and least food secure?

Answer 40

* north america, europe, japan and australasia (region of oceania) are considered most food secure * greastest risk of food insecurity is in sub-saharan africa, afganistan and haiti

Question 41

what factors are increasing the risk of food security in the world?

Answer 41

* climate change * growing population

Question 42

what are strategies to ensure food security?

Answer 42

* increasing the supply of food - e.g. by improving agricultural productivity * reducing food consumption and waste * increasing access to food

Question 43

how can increasing the supply of food be done as a stratergy to ensure food security?

Answer 43

improving agricultural productivity through tecnology * green revolutions since 1960 have introduced new crop varieties with higher yields, more mechanisation, better irrigation techniques and new fertilisers and pesticides * global rise yeilds have tripled since 1961 * development of hydroponics allow food to be grown in new places * genetic modification (GM) of plants make them more resistent to disease, drought and pests * sustainable farming practices introduced and encouraged by NGOs and governments to improve longivity of food supple in vunerable areas

Question 44

how can reducing food consumption and waste be done as a strategy to ensure food security?

Answer 44

* improving storage, packaging and refridgeration facilities to make food last longer * educating farmers about crop loss prevention * encouraging consumers to cook and buy only what they need and donate leftovers to food banks * education about diet to tackle growing obesity crisis in the developed world

Question 45

how can increasing access to food be done to ensure food security?

Answer 45

* free and fair trade rules allow poorer countries to import food at fair prices * improving infastructure to allow food to be transported to markets more efficiently and cheaply * social protection measures from governments and NGOs to reduce food poverty - grants and food vouchers to vunerable households - free school meals for the most disadvantaged children