what are some incentives given during Singapore’s “Stop at Two” policy in 1970?
- priority in choice of primary school
- abortion and sterilisation legalised and made accessible in 1970
what are some disincentives for Singapore’s “Stop at Two” policy in 1970?
- higher hospital charges
- increased costs of each additional child
- removal of income tax relief for 4th and subsequent child
what was the effect on Singapore’s population size after “Stop at Two” was put into effect?
- crude birth rate dropped form 28.3 to 32.8 live births per 2000 residents between 1966 to 1969
- total fertility rate dropped from 4.42 to 3.15
what are some incentives for China’s “One Child Policy” in 1979?
- monetary rewards
- priority housing
- access to better healthcare services
- single child was given priority in education and employment
- birth control such as abortion, contraception, and sterilization were widely available
- late births were given 20 days of maternity leave
- single child parents had better pension terms
what are some disincentives of China’s “One Child Policy” in 1979?
- deduction of annual income
- fines
- having to forgo benefits that are awarded to single-child families
- women pregnant for the second time were often coerced or forced to have abortions
what are some effects of China’s “Single Child Policy” in 1979?
Birth rate dropped from 2.75 births per woman to 1.62 births per woman in 2016
what are some pros of government policies on birth rates?
- prevents problems of overpopulation (some problems include: inadequate resources, food shortage, unemployment, shortage of housing, and poor living conditions)
- better education and job opportunities
- increases tac revenue and government funds
- reduces birth rate
what are some cons of government policies on birth rates
- harsh policies can cause much suffering
- violates human and reproductive rights (forced abortion, birth limits)
- leads to unintended consequences like female infanticide and a skewed sex ratio
- results in spoiled single-child syndrome
- long term impacts include: birth rates below replacement levels, aging in population, difficulty in reversing the decline in birth rates)
when are pro-natalist policies implemented?
when the replacement fertility rate exceeds the total fertility rate, causing the population size to decrease
when are anti-nalalist policies implemented?
when the total fertility rate exceeds the replacement fertility rate, which might lead to overpopulation
