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post WW1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Propaganda

A

Ideas or statements that may be false or exaggerated

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2
Q

purpose of propaganda

A

To make people think and act in certain ways → to gain support for war efforts

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3
Q

when was propaganda used

A

widely used in wartime

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4
Q

skills used in propaganda

A

Slogan, Image, Emotional appeal, Threats and warnings, Exaggeration

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5
Q

Common symbols of countries in the 19th and early 20th centuries:

A

Britain: Lion, Whale, sailor, John Bull
Austria: Two-headed eagle
USA: Uncle Sam, stars and strips
Russia: Bear, two-headed eagle
China: Qing Chinese, big chicken
Germany: Sausages, eagle, pointed helmet, iron cross
France: Young girl, sometimes sailor

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6
Q

common purposes of wartime propaganda

A

enlisting, asking people to purchase government bonds, accusing enemies

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7
Q

the big three

A
  • clemenceau (prime minister, france)
  • woodrow wilson (president, USA)
  • lloyd george (prime minister, britain)
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8
Q

Attitude and view of France after WW1

A
  • Harsh
  • Wanted full compensation on the losses from WWI
  • Aimed at avenging the loss from the Franco-Prussian War
  • Wanted to keep Germany extremely and permanently weak in order to prevent a future war
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9
Q

Attitude and view of the US after WW1

A
  • Lenient
  • US did not suffer great damage from WWI
  • Wished to create a fair settlement to safeguard lasting peace
  • Did not want to punish Germany too harshly
  • Advocated the reconstruction of Europe for more trading opportunities
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10
Q

Attitude of Britain after WW1

A
  • Moderate
  • Tried to compromise between the demands from France and the US – moderate punishments
  • Wanted to maintain the “balance of power” in Europe (no country to should be extremely weak or strong) which would contribute to stability and the recovery of Europe
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11
Q

the treaty of versailles

A
  1. alsace and lorraine were returned to france
  2. the rhineland was demilitarized and occupied by the allied troops for 15 years
  3. germany had to pay a huge indemnity to the allies to compensate them for their losses
  4. all former german colonies were administered by the victorious powers
  5. germany could not ally with austria again
  6. the first world war was all germany’s fault
  7. germany was almost disarmed. The size of her army and navy was reduced
  8. germany had to give away huge areas of national land
  9. submarines and airplanes were not allowed
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12
Q

was term 1 of the treaty of versailles fair?

A

Yes. Returning French national land taken in 1871 can remove the seeds of hatred and hostility

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13
Q

why would term 2, 7, 9 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A

Because it Weakens Germany militarily and ensures that Germany would not be able to start future aggression

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14
Q

why would term 2, 7, 9 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

because germany was left defenseless

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15
Q

why would term 8 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A
  • Germany was defeated and hence she had to pay the war price
  • Weaken Germany physically
  • it enabled the newly created nations to be self-sufficient
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16
Q

why would term 8 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

Many Germans had to live outside Germany → it was Against the principle of nationalism and Generates a sense of hostility

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17
Q

why would term 4 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A

It Respects nationalism and national self-determination as decolonization began (since the colonies would not be taken by them permanently but to prepare the people in the colonies for independence)

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18
Q

why would term 4 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

Germany economy would be seriously affected due to the loss of all colonies, which provided Germany with raw materials, labour and overseas market

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19
Q

why would term 5 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A

it was German support for Austria that led to the outbreak of the war

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20
Q

why would term 5 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

Austria was very much weakened, and the alliance would not threaten world peace

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21
Q

why would term 3 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A

it weakens germany financially

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22
Q

why would term 3 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

some compensation could be expected from the defeated country but the amount was so huge that it was impossible for Germany to pay; she became bankrupt after the war

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23
Q

why would term 6 of the treaty of versailles be fair?

A

Germany was the leader of the Central Powers, the mastermind behind starting and enlarging the scale of war

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24
Q

why would term 6 of the treaty of versailles be unfair?

A

Other powers, too, were responsible for the war

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25
What makes a treaty reasonable?
Aim: to remove the source of conflicts Content: No excessive punishment/ demand Manner: negotiated and not forced by one side on the other→mutually agreed to both sides
26
Did the treaty of versailles effectively maintain world peace? [yes]
there were 20 years of peace after the first world war, since world war 1 ended in 1919 and world war 2 started in 1939
27
Did the treaty of versailles effectively maintain world peace? [no]
The Germans felt humiliated and wanted revenge. Their resentment sowed the seeds of the Second World War.
28
Impacts brought by WWI four aspects
soldiers, society (heavy casualties), women, political changes
29
society (heavy casualties) +
Except the US, both victorious and defeated countries suffered huge death toll. Germany, in particular, had the highest number of casualties. Reason: The use of more advanced weapons
30
Nature of WWI
- A total war (= everyone in the country was involved) - 3⁄4 population in the world took part -the entire nation was called into civilian and military service, rather than just its military. - Governments played an active and interventionist role in every aspect of life.
31
Contributions of women during the First World War
Replacing men in providing labour force in different areas: - producing arms - Agricultural work on farms - Nursing work - Clerical work in commercial sectors
32
In what ways did the roles women played in WWI change their lives?
- Greater economic independence (many women were employed during the war) - More employment opportunities during and after the war - Greater social freedom (involved outside of their traditional sphere – home/ domestic role) - Enjoying higher social status - Gaining the right to vote (enfranchisement)
33
Political Changes
- The breakdown of European Empires - The Rise of new nations (Poland, Czechoslovakia)
34
The breakdown of European Empires after WW1
- Austria-Hungary was broken into Austria and Hungary - Russian Empire → USSR - German Empire → German Republic (The Weimar Republic) - Ottoman Empire → Turkey
35
socio-economic/political condition of USA in the 1920s
- WW1 had much smaller harmful effects on the USA because no fighting took place on the american soil. The americans joined the war relatively late - there was an economic boom. The US was the worlds greatest producer, creditor and importer.
36
international relationship of USA after WW1
she returned to the policy of isolation. She did not join the international peace keeping organization, league of nations
37
socio-economic/political condition of britain and france in the 1920s
- the war weakened these nations - socio economic problems - they lost great deal of overseas trade to countries such as the US and japan
38
socio economic problems faced by britain and france after 1920s
- great economic losses - physical damages - national debts - failing production - unemployment - social unrest
39
international relationship of britain and france after WW1
lost their traditional world leadership
40
socio economic problems faced by italy after 1920s
- economic problems, unemployment was serious, inflation was high and taxation was heavy - political problems: the democratic government was not functioning well → political instability and social unrest
41
international relationship of italy after WW1
- dissatisfied with the peace settlement - failed to get her promised land. She felt cheated by the allies
42
socio economic problems faced by germany after 1920s
- she changed from the german empire into the weimar republic which signed the treaty of versailles - germanys economy was severely weakened by the huge reparation, loss of industrial and mining areas and reduction of overseas trade - in order to solve the economic problem, the german government tried to print more paper money to pay its debt. This led to hyper inflation
43
how was germanys economy weakened after WW1
- huge reparations → financial burden - territorial losses - reduction in overseas trade → decreased national income
44
international relationship of germany after WW1
- germans reacted strongly to the treaty of versailles. They felt betrayed by the government - they were highly resentful, wanted to repudiate the treaty
45
socio economic problems faced by USSR after 1920s
- communism was introduced after the october revolution. It was the basis of the government and the economy - lenin (1917-24), stalin (1927-53)
46
international relationship of USSR after WW1
- USSR became the first communist state in the world - there was ill feeling from other countries, especially the democratic and capitalist ones
47
socio economic problems faced by the eastern european states after 1920s
- new countries such as yugoslavia, czechoslovakia, poland - they were politically, economically and militarily weak
48
international relationship of the eastern european states after WW1
the balance of power was upset. They became the victims of the aggressive powers
49
socio economic problems faced by china after 1920s
- constant fights among the warlords - the GMD-CCP struggle began (chinese civil war)
50
international relationship of china after WW1
- china was very weak - the unequal treaties remained and the threat from japan was increasing
51
socio economic problems faced by japan after 1920s
the meiji government led a vigorous modernization program
52
international relationship of japan after WW1
- japan became a world power as a result of the economic growth and the increase of wartime overseas trade - she had a very strong navy and army. Even USA felt threatened by her naval power
53
what did the military growth of japan cause
Militarism was bred (a country should only build up its military forces to achieve different ends and wants)
54
the mood of the public in the US after WW1
joyful, hopeful and optimistic
55
why was there such a mood in the US after WW1
- the government’s assurance on a growing economy - economic boom of the US in 1920s
56
how did people manage their finance after WW1? What was the problem?
- People were eager to put all their money on stock investments to earn even more → overcrediting and speculation - if the stock market crashes, investors would be unable to repay the money to the banks → bankruptcy
57
how was the US economy in 1930s
sharp fall in the US national income. The US economy experienced a severe economic recession
58
how was the livelihood of the people in 1930s? How did they feel
unemployment & poverty → feeling depressed
59
what was the state of US economy in 1930s called
the great depression
60
knock on effects of the great depression
Wall street crash → investors and companies went bankrupt → banks went bankrupt → depositors lost savings → weak and falling consumption market → more companies closed down → unemployment rate rose
61
great depression in USA international impact
- recalled foreign loans - high tariffs on imported goods to protect own industries - less consumption of foreign products and raw materials → debtors governments became poor + unable to finance industrial development → world trade declined, prices of export goods and raw materials fell ⇒ impact of others economy: factors closed down. Unemployment greatly increased. The economic recess became an international one
62
how did the great depression affect the economic policies adopted by a country
great depression → protective economic policies
63
why does the great depression have a bigger impact on the economy of germany, italy and japan
because they did not have access to resource
64
how did the great depression facilitate the fall of the weimar republic and the rise of hitler in germany
economic problems created discontent of the people towards the weimar republic and turned them to support hitler who promised to improve the economy
65
types of political systems in 1930s
- left wing dictatorship - right wing dictatorship - democracy (right wing)
66
democracies in 1930s
USA, britain, france
67
left wing dictatorship in 1930s
USSR
68
right wing dictatorship in 1930s
germany, italy, japan
69
victims in 1930s
In asia: china In europe: eastern european states (czechoslovakia, poland)
70
features of totalitarian states aspects
government, peoples lives, method, foreign policy
71
features of totalitarian states: government
one party rule, dictatorship, absolute control
72
features of totalitarian states: peoples lives
- no freedom, strict discipline and obedience - national and racial interests before individual
73
features of totalitarian states: method
force, education, propaganda, mass media
74
features of totalitarian states: foreign policy
- justifying and glorifying war and the state - expansionist - war and violence as a necessary step
75
what ideas does totalitarianism strongly oppose to
democracy, liberalism, individualism
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