how many vertebral segments exist and where are they
- 33 segments in five regions (7, 12, 5, 5, 4)
what are the normal spinal curvatures from cervical to coccygeal?
- lordosis, kyphosis, lordosis, kyphosis, kyphosis
how many vertebral spinal roots at each level?
- 8, 12, 5, 5, 1
what and when are the three developmental stages of spinal curvature?
- physiologic flexion at birth
- cervical lordosis around 4 months
- lumbar lordosis around 8-10 months
what is developmentally relevant about why the curves of the spine develop when they do?
- cervical lordosis begins when the baby begins to control head movements
- lumbar lordosis begins when the baby begins to walk
does the curvature of the spine change orientation in extreme flexion and extension?
no, curves will either be eccentuated or reduced but never reversed
what are the three torque posture principles?
- LOG and AOR create a joint torque
- Gravity will cause rotation unless a structure or muscle provides a countertorque
- torque depends on distance
in static stance, where does the LOG fall at the hip? what moment does this create? what is the resultant muscle activity?
- slightly posterior to the AOR
- extension moment
- mostly passive stability
in static stance, where does the LOG fall at the knee? what moment does this create? what is the resultant muscle activity?
- slightly anterior to the AOR
- extension moment
- passive stability
in static stance, where does the LOG fall at the ankle? what moment does this create? what is the resultant muscle activity?
- anterior to the AOR
- DF moment
- PF isometric
What is Florence Kendall’s position on proper posture and muscle testing?
- proper posture - max efficiency and min stress/strain
- muscle testing must be performed on both sides of the joint
what is the proper alignment of the pelvis (2)
- ASIS and pubic symphysis level
- ASIS and PSIS level
what is responsible for posterior upward pull of the pelvis?
- lumbar ES and quadratus bilaterally
what is responsible for anterior upward pull of the pelvis?
- abdominals, ESPECIALLY RA
what is responsible for posterior downward pull of the pelvis?
- glute max and hamstrings
what is responsible for anterior downward pull of the pelvis? (4)
- rec fem
- sartorius
- TFL
- iliopsoas
- iliacus directly and psoas major indirectly
in functional closed chain, what force couples are responsbile for APT?
- lumbar extensors and hip flexors
in functional closed chain, what are the force couples responsible for PPT?
- hip extensors and abdominals
what is lower cross syndrome?
- weak abdominals and hip extensors
- tight thoracolumbar extensors and hip flexors
what happens to muscles that are shortened or tightened over time?
adaptive shortening/contracture
what happens to muscles that are weak and stretched over time?
stretch weakness
what is the ideal plumb line from ankle to head (6)? (note: this is kendall’s method of beginning an aligment at the ankle)
- ant to lateral malleolus
- anterior to knee axis
- greater trochanter
- midtrunk
- acromion
- EAM/ear lobe
- are shortened muscles strong or weak? how would you test
- are lengthened muscles strong or weak? how would you test
- could be either; therefore must be tested for flexibility
- presumed weak; therefore must be strength tested
what muscles are lengthened and presumed to be weak in kyphotic lordotic posture? (4)
- neck flexors
- upper ES
- upper EO
- hamstrings (not presumed weak, though)
