Instrumental Power
Power used to enforce and maintain authority
Influential Power
Power used to influence or persuade others
Types of Power (Wareing)
Personal, Social and Political Power
French and Raven (Five bases of power)
Legitimate, Reward, Expert, Referent and Coercive
Goffman (Face Theory)
Face is the public self-image of a person & the emotional and social image that we present to others
Brown and Levinson (Positive and Negative Face)
Negative Face - The need to be independent, to have freedom of action and not be imposed on.
Positive Face - The need to be accepted, even liked, by others & to be treated as a member of the same group.
Fairclough (Power in discourse / behind discourse)
In discourse - The actual language structures and technique used to create power in language use
Behind discourse - Looks at the surroundings and context - taking into account social and ideological reasons why people assert language over others
Fairclough (Synthetic Personalisation)
The process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage.
Lakoff (Politeness Principle)
Don’t impose, give options and make reciever feel good
Grice (Co operative Principle)
Grice’s Maxims:
- Maxim of quantity
- Maxim of quality
- Maxim of relevance
- Maxim of manner
Holmes and Stubbs (Doing Power)
Oppressive discourse strategy - Showing power by being direct (Telling someone to shut up, swearing, using an imperative)
Repressive discourse strategy - Showing power by being indirect (Changing the subject, complimenting, using humor etc)
Giles (Accomodation Theory) - Adjust our speech to ‘acommodate’ others
Convergence - Speech moves closer to that of the other person
Divergence - Speech moves further away from that of the other person
Trudgill (Accent / Dialect)
