Describe the ideal building form for all 4 major climate types
- Hot-Arid - Courtyard, fountain to add humidity, high thermal mass
- Hot-Humid - Maximize airflow, breezeways separate house areas
- Temperate - East-west orientation, some elements for warm weather and some for cold
- Cold - Compact forms minimizing surface area to mass
Type I Construction
- FIRE RESISTIVE!
- All components are non-combustible and treated/coated
- IA - (Structure(3), exterior walls(3), floors(2) and ceilings(2)) >75’
- IB - (Structure(2), exterior walls(2), floors(1) and ceilings(1)) Mid-rise
Type II Construction
- NON COMBUSTIBLE!
- All components are non-combustible, not neccessary to treat/coat
- <75’
- IA - (Structure(1), exterior walls(1), floors(1) and ceilings(1))
- IB - (Structure(0), exterior walls(0), floors(0) and ceilings(0))
Type III Construction
- ORDINARY CONSTRUCTION!
- IIIA - “Protected combustible” non-combustible structure/exterior with combustible floors/ceilings. (Structure(1), exterior walls(2), floors(1) and ceilings(1))
- IIIB - “unprotected combustible” only exterior walls are noncombustible (Structure(0), exterior walls(2), floors(0) and ceilings(0))
Type IV Construction
- HEAVY TIMBER!
- Non-combustible exterior walls (2hr)
Type V Construction
- WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION!
- VA - (Structure(1), exterior walls(1), floors(1) and ceilings(1)) - Small apartment buildings
- VB - (Structure(0), exterior walls(0), floors(0) and ceilings(0)) - Single family homes
What is the difference between a Vent Stack and a Stack Vent?
A Vent Stack only exhausts air upwards out of the roof.
A Stack Vent is the upper exhaust portion of a Soil Stack which allows that to drain waste.
What is the modulus of elasticity?
a property of a material’s resistance to deformation under stress.
What is the moment of inertia?
The sum of the products of all the elementary areas times the square of their distances from the neutral axis.
Aka moving mass farther from the centroid of a beam, column (or entire building) increases the moment of inertia
What are some of the factors in IBC Table 602 that determine the required fire rating of a building’s components?
Distance to neighboring buildings
Type of construction
Occupancy Group
When are places for eating and drinking considered B-Business Occupancy?
When they have fewer than 50 occupants!
How many degrees off South should a building be oriented for each of the four major climate types?
- Hot-Humid = 5 degrees
- Cool = 12 degrees
- Temperate = 17.5 degrees
- Hot-Arid = 25 degrees
What are the 10 principles of the Forest Stewardship Council?
Principle 1: Compliance with Laws
Principle 2: Workers Rights and Employment Conditions
Principle 3: Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
Principle 4: Community Relations
Principle 5: Benefits from the Forest
Principle 6: Environmental Values and Impacts
Principle 7: Management Planning
Principle 8: Monitoring and Assessment
Principle 9: High Conservation Values
Principle 10: Implementation of Management Activities
What HVAC systems are capable of both heating and cooling with the same units?
Packaged terminal units
Heat Pumps
Forced Air
Through-Wall Units
What are some sample reverberation times in different spaces?
- .5 seconds - very short (recording or broadcast studio)
- 1 second - short (small theater, lecture or conference room, or other intimate space)
- 2.5 seconds - long (cathedral, etc.)
- 5 seconds - very long (degrades noise perception)
What are some different water treatment processes?
- Reverse Osmosis - removes calcium and magnesium ions from hard water
- Ion-Exchanger - pulls the calcium and magnesium out of the water
- Aeration - improves taste and color, also removes iron and manganese
- UV Radiation - disinfects the water supply
- Copper Sulfate - controls algae growth
Where should you look to determine the climate zone of a site?
International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
Name all Wood structural members and their spans.
- Joists - <20’
- Decking - 25’
- Solid Beams - 30’
- Rafter Pairs - 40’
- Light floor trusses - 42’
- Light roof trusses - 70’
- Glue-Lam Beams - 100’
- Heavy Trusses - 200’
- Glue-Lam Arches - 250’
- Domes - ???
How far can brick span?
Lintels about 17’
Arches up to 250’
Name all Steel structural members and their spans.
- Corrugated Decking - 20’
- Lightweight Steel Joists - 30’
- Beams - 75’
- Open-Web Joists - 150’
- Single-Story Rigid Frames - 165’
- Heavy Trusses - 300’
- Arches and Vaults - 325’
- Space Frame - ???
- Domes - ???
- Cable-Stayed - ???
- Suspension - ???
What are the spanning maximums of Pre-Cast Concrete elements?
- Slabs - 47’
- Beams - 64’
- Double Tees - 96’
- Single Tees - 140’
Name all the different Site-cast Concrete structural members and their spans.
- One-way slabs - 20’
- Two-way slabs - 40’
- One-way joists - 45’
- Waffle slab - 56’
- Beams - 72’
- Folded plates and shells - 150’
- Domes - 250’
- Arches - 260’
When to use the different types of lateral support
Shear Walls - these are the most compact, so use them when space is tight.
Braced Frames - These are the lightest per strength, so use if building weight is an issue. Also are relatively open so they can be on the building perimeter.
Rigid Frames - use these when flexibility in plan configuration is desired.
ADA Parking
- Hospitals - 10% of pat/visitor parking
- Rehabs & PT - 20%
- R2 Multifamily - 2% (no less than 1 + 1 van)
- One of every six 8’ ADA spaces need to be Van Accessible (11’ wide)
- Access Aisles are 5’ wide
Other buildings:
- 1 space for every 25, up to 100. Then 1 per 50 to 200. Then 1 per 100 to 500.
- if 501-1000 spaces - 2% of total
- over 1000 - 20 spaces, plus 1 per 100 starting after 1000
