1
Q
What is the minimum height to be flown over built up areas?
A
1000FT
2
Q
What is the minimum height to be flown over rural areas?
A
500FT
3
Q
Flights Over Water Conditions
A
- A meteorological forecast must be obtained
- Required to submit a SARTIME flight notification to ATS
- VFR flights not equipped with a radio must carry an ELT beacon
- Life jackets must be carried if outside glide range
- Life jackets need only be worn when the flight is flying below 2000ft above the water
- Life rafts – need to be carried if (whichever is greater distance); 30 minutes at normal cruising speed or 100nm
- One ELT when one life raft is carried and at least two ELT’s when more than one life raft is carried also a supply of pyrotechnic distress signals
- Survival equipment must be carried
4
Q
NDB or ADF performance can be degraded by interference from?
A
- Night Effect
- Thunderstorm Effect
- Mountain Effect
- Co-Channel Interference
- Costal Refraction
5
Q
What is a CHT?
A
Cylinder Head Temperature
6
Q
Why is it dangerous to not have the primer locked?
A
Too much fuel is sucked into the cylinders, causing the engine to run inefficiently (mixture to rich) or even flood.
7
Q
What is a Tachometer?
A
An RPM gauge
8
Q
What is TEM?
A
Threat-Error Management
THREATS (lead to ERRORS unless you MITIGATE)→ERRORS (lead to UNDESIRED STATES unless you RECOGNISE AND RESOLVE)→UNDERSIRED STATES (RECOVER or unsafe flying!)
9
Q
Privileges and limitation of License (PPL)
A
- Perpetual
- Flight Review every 2 years
- Must not carry PAX unless previously carried out 3 T/O and Landings in the last 90 days
- Valid medical (class 2 or higher)
OPS Recency:
- SPL Max 14 days since last flight
- Max 3hrs Solo
- RPL max 90 days since last flight
10
Q
Drug and Alcohol Requirments
A
- 8 Hours bottle to throttle
- BAC reading of 0.02
- Must not be impaired by alcohol or any other drug (no drinking on the flight)
11
Q
Instrument Panel
A
TOP (left to right)
- Airspeed Indicator (ASI) - Pitot/Static
- Artificial Horizon (AH) - Suction/Gyro
- Altimeter (ALT) - Static
BOTTOM (left to right)
- Turn Coordinator - Electric/Gyro
- Directional Gyro (DG) - Suction/Gyro
- Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) - Static
12
Q
PUDSOD
A
Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
Pitot Blocked, Underreads in Descent (overreads climb)
Static Blocked, Overreads in Descent (underreads climb)
13
Q
Required VFR Instruments (+ AWK)
A
VFR:
- Airspeed indicating system
- Altimeter
- Compass
- Time Piece (clock)
+ if AWK:
- A turn and slip indicator
- Outside Air Temp indicator (OAT)
14
Q
Correct Fuel Grade
A
100 (Green) or 100LL (Blue) Aviation Fuel
Approved Alternate Fuel: Commerical Grade 100/130 Fuel
15
Q
Light Signals (ON GROUND)
A
STEADY GREEN: Authorized to T/O
FLASHING GREEN: Authorized to taxi
STEADY RED: Stop
FLASHING RED: Taxi clear of landing area in use
FLASHING WHITE: Return to starting point on aerodrome
16
Q
Light Signals (IN FLIGHT)
A
STEADY GREEN: Authorized to land
FLASHING GREEN: Return for landing
STEADY RED: Give way, circle
FLASHING RED: Do not land
17
Q
CLASS D AIRSPACE
A
- MIN flight VIS 5KM
- 600M horizontal
- 1000FT Above, 500FT Below
18
Q
CLASS C AIRSPACE (CTA)
A
- MIN flight VIS o 5KM (below 10000ft) o 8KM (at and above 10000ft) - 1500M Horizontal - 1000FT Vertical
19
Q
CLASS G (OCTA)
A
- MIN flight VIS o 5KM (below 3000ft) o 8KM (at and above 3000ft) - Clear of Cloud only below 3000ft or 1000ft AGL; - 1500M horizontal (above 3000ft) - 1000ft vertical (above 3000ft)
20
Q
CLASS E
A
- MIN flight VIS o 5KM (below 10000ft) o 8KM (at or above 10000ft) - 1500M Horizontal - 1000ft Vertical
21
Q
Vs
A
Stall Speed: 50 KIAS
22
Q
Vso
A
Stall Speed with Flaps: 44 KIAS
23
Q
Vx
A
Best Angle of Climb: 63 KIAS
24
Q
Vy
A
Best Rate of Climb: 79 KIAS
25
Vfe
Maximum Flap Extension Speed: 103 KIAS
26
Va
Design Maneuvering Speed: 111 KIAS
27
Vno
Maximum Structual Crusing Speed: 126 KIAS
28
Vne
Never Exceed Speed: 160 KIAS
29
Vtoss
Take off safety speed (1.2 x Vs): 60 KIAS
30
Max Crosswind
17 KNOTS
31
Max Tailwind
5 KNOTS
32
Best Glide Speed
73 KIAS
33
HASELL
```
H - Height (sufficient to recover by 3000ft AGL)
- Hatches and Harnesses Secure
A - Airframe (config)
S - Security (no loose articles)
E - Engine (Instruments in Green)
L - Look out (360)
- Location (not over built up area)
```
34
Engine Fire on Ground
```
Starter - CRANK ENGINE
Mixture - IDLE CUTOFF
Throttle - OPEN
Fuel Pump - OFF
Fuel Selector - OFF
```
35
Engine Fire in Flight
```
Fuel Selector - OFF
Throttle - CLOSE
Mixture - IDLE CUTOFF
Fuel Pump - OFF
Heater and Defroster - OFF
```
36
Electrical Fire in Flight
Master Switch - OFF
Vents - OPEN
Cabin Heat - OFF
37
Forced Landing's
- Lower Nose and TRIM
- CFMS
- Select a Field (Wind, Length, Obstructions)
- FMOST
- Mayday Call (transponder and ELT)
- PAX Brief
- BUSH
38
CFMS (check)
```
C - Check for Fire
- Carby Heat ON
F - Fuel Pump ON
- Fuel Tank CHANGE TANKS
M - Mixture RICH
- Master ON
S - Switches and MAGS BOTH
```
39
FMOST (check)
```
F - Fuel Pump ON
- Fuel Prseeure CHECKED
- Fuel Qty CHECKED
- Fuel Selector ON
M - Mixture CYCLE/FULL RICH
- Master ON
O - Oil Temp. & Pressure CHECKED IN GREEN
S - Switches ISOLATE MAGS
T - Throttle CYCLE RANGE
```
40
BUSH (check)
B - Brakes OFF & OPERATING
U - Undercarriage DOWN
S - Shut Down Engine
H - Hatches/Harnesses Secure
41
TAF (nm range)
5NM around aerodrome
42
Cloud Cover
```
SKC - Sky Clear
FEW - Few (1-2 OKTAS)
SCT - Scattered (3-4 OKTAS)
BKN - Broken (5-7 OKTAS)
OVC - Overcast (8 OKTAS)
NSC - Nill Significant Cloud
```
43
Tempo
30 mins to less than 60 min
44
Inter
less than 30 mins in an hour
45
Alternate Requirements
If the terminal aerodrome forecast meets any one of these criteria you require an alternate:
Cloud – more than Scattered (3-4 OKTAS) and Below 1500ft AGL
Visiblity – If less than 8 km
Wind – too much crosswind (17kts) or tailwind (5kts)
46
CAVOK
(Visibility 10KM+, no cloud below 5000ft and no cumulonimbus)
47
NAV req.
If using NAV AIDS (2 Hours fix)
| if Visual Ref. (30 mins fix)
48
Essendon Procedures (VFR APP POINT)
VFR app point
- EN NDB (tune, test ,ident)
- Check ATIS (info _)
- SQ 0100
"Essendon Tower, BZE is at Doncaster Shopping Town, 1500FT, Received information Delta, Inbound Request Airways Clearance"
49
Essendon Procedures (on ground)
"Essendon Ground, BZE is on PAPA, Received information DELTA for Moorabbin via Tooradin, Request Taxi"
50
Cleared Visual APP
= able to DESCEND if within 5NM
51
Within 5NM (essendon/west sale)
Able to maneuver horizontally if cleared direct AIRPORT
52
Essendon Procedures (Runup Bay)
"BZE, Request Airways Clearance."
53
West Sale (VFR APP POINT)
VFR APP POINT
- Listen to East Sale ATIS
"Sale Delivery, Warrior BZE is 10NM to the NE of West Sale at 1500FT, Received East Sale Info DELTA, Inbound with 2POB, Request Airways Clearance"
54
CTAF
ERSA - RWY, CTSS direction, Elev
Radio - CTAF
10NM call - "Baccus March Traffic, Warrior RQM, 10NM to the SW passing 3000FT on descent to 2400FT, ETA 08, Inbound, Baccus Marsh"
Overhead (Elev + 1000FT (CTTS) + 500FT) - "Baccus Marsh Traffic, Warrior RWM is Overhead at 2400FT, descending on the dead side for a crosswind join, RWY 27, Baccus Marsh"
Call at Crosswind
Call at Final
MAKE A CALL IF TRAFFIC IS IN THE WAY (SLOWDOWN/TURN ROUND) **STAY ON THE DEAD SIDE**
55
What is Tabs?
64L a tank
56
What is Full tanks
91L a tank
57
Why does the alternator supply more volts than the battery?
So the battery doesn't slowly drain
58
NE ODDS / SW EVENS
NE - ODDS + 500ft
SW - EVENS + 500ft
59
If 50NM from dep point.
Need an:
- ELT
- Weather Forecast
60
EGT Graph
(parabola)
why? increase in exhaust heat as mixture is leaned, then a drop after peak mixture passes optimal mix, then steady decline as mixture becomes closer to cutoff.
61
Pressure Height
PH= every 1 hPa difference to standard (1013) - 30 feet.
62
Whizz Wheel (1 in 60)
outside no. = miles/degrees off
inside no. = miles from dep. or arr. point
63
Bass Strait Crossing (ERSA)
1. SP1 – BASS STRAIT CROSSINGS
1.2. Recommended VFR reporting procedure across Bass Strait
• Reporting schedule procedure (SKED) is recommended
o Report leaving the coast with aircraft type, tracking details and POB
o Nominate scheduled reporting time e.g. 10, 15, 30 minute intervals
o At each scheduled reporting time, report “OPERATIONS NORMAL”, preferably with position
o Report when crossing opposite coast to cancel reporting schedule
64
Cloud Types
```
Cumulus = puffy, circular
Stratus = whispy, flat
```
LOW CLOUDS - blw 6500ft AGL
Stratus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus (rain cloud)
MIDDLE CLOUDS - blw 20000ft AGL
Altostratus
Altocumulus
HIGH CLOUDS - abv 20000ft AGL
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Cirrus
OTHER CLOUDS - vert. development
Cumulus
Cumulonimbus (thunderstorm)
65
What are thunderstorms?
Culuminonimbus Clouds with Vertical Development, rain/hail, icing, thunder and lightning. They have large updrafts and downdrafts causing huge windshear.
66
If engine is running too hot, how would changing the mixture help?
If engine is running 10% rich of peak, enriching the mixture a little bit should begin to cool the engine, if running 10% lean of peak enriching the mixture would cause the engine to become hotter and than cooler again.
67
What types of Drag are there?
Parasitic Drag: Increases with airspeed
- Form Drag (shape of aeroplane/aerofoil)
- Skin Friction (smoothness/material of aeroplane/aerofoil)
Induced Drag: drag caused by lift, decreases with airspeed
68
Factors Affecting a Stall
```
WEIGHT - changes stall speed
LOAD FACTOR - changes stall speed
ALTITUDE - changes stall speed
FLAPS - change AOA, thus stall speed
WING CONTAMINATION - (ice), changes airflow over wing and thus lift production/stall speed
```
69
Hypoxia
Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
SYMPTOMS:
- cough
- confusion
- fast heart rate
- rapid breathing
- sweating
- shortness of breath
70
Hyperventilation
Breathing in excess of what the body needs.
SYMPTOMS:
- Bloating
- Burping
- Passing Excessive Gas
- Weakness
- Fainting
- Confusion
- Chest pain
71
Climb Weight Limitation
An Aircraft must be able to climb out at 6% after takeoff in the takeoff configuration with gear down, outside of the ground affect with takeoff power set. The aircraft must be able to meet these requirements which are affected by temperature and pressure, thus a climb weight limit is set by the manufacturer which varies in different conditions. (CAO 20.7.4)
72
Maintenance Release
Section 1 – Scheduled Maintenance (airplane information (above), oil changes, calibrations etc…)
Section 2 – Unscheduled Maintenance (damage, defects etc…)
Section 3 – Daily Inspection (completed the next day listing all hours flown the day before)
73
Precautionary Search Procedure
AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATION:
20° Flap
2100 RPM
SEARCH PRCEDURE:
Check wind direction and choose a field to set up left hand circuits on.
RUN 1. 500FT
- Fly over and to the right of the field at 500FT
- Check approach path and large obstacles
- Time run: IAS/2 x (time taken to fly strip)=meters
RUN 2. 200FT
- Fly over and to the right of the field at 200FT
- Visual inspection, checking closely for power lines, trees, fences and animals
RUN 3. 50FT
- Fly over and to the right of the field at 50FT
- Check for small obstacles such as potholes and patches of rough/uneven surface
Perform a short-field landing on the next approach.
74
Correct use of CARB HEAT
The carburetor heat is applied when the RPM gauge is outside the green arc (2000RPM). It is used to both prevent ice build-up and remove ice in the carburetor. It is generally used for landings, long descents and glides/emergency procedures. The carburetor heat also acts as a secondary air intake (unfiltered), incase the filter becomes blocked. As the carburetor heat is drawing unfiltered air it should not be used on the ground (dust/small rocks damage the engine overtime).
75
Transponder Codes
7700 - EMERGENCY
7600 - RADIO FAILURE
7500 - AIRCRAFT HIJACKING
76
Turbulence Penetration Speed
111 KIAS – Rough air speed. Design maneuvering speed is the same speed as turbulence penetration speed, as in turbulent conditions; control surfaces can be violently shaken. Thus, the turbulence penetration speed is the highest speed at which full deflection of a single flight control is safe. Weight affects the VA due to the equation F=ma, a lighter plane will accelerate faster (a=f/m), thus in order to keep a plane within its structural limitations a lower speed is imposed for a lighter plane.
77
Alternator Failure
In the event of an alternator/generator failure all non-essential radio’s and lights should be switched off in order to conserve battery power. These could include landing lights, panel lights, COM 1 (more battery intensive than COM 2), all radios and transponder if in class G. The battery will supply emergency power for roughly 30 minutes depending on the electrical load.
78
Oil Req.
Minimum oil quantity: 2 Quarts
Minimum (Company Policy): 6 Quarts
Maximum oil quantity: 8 Quarts
Private Pilot License (PPL)
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