1
Q
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
A
colds, hay fever, bacteria
- build up of mucus or inflammation of the mucus membrane creates cohesion of air passage and sinuses
- results in pressure build up
2
Q
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Symptoms
A
- blocked nose
- pressued build up in the face (possible swelling)
- headache
- general unwell feeling
- infected
3
Q
Class 2 Medical
A
- valid 4 years for person below 40 years
- valid 2 years for people above 40 years
4
Q
ill for a private pilot need to see DAME in how many days
A
30 days
5
Q
Middle ear
A
- used for hearing
- consists of the hammer, anvil and stirrup to amplify vibration from ear drum to the cochlea
- vibration are converted to electrical impulses to the brain
6
Q
Eustachian Tube
A
- connects the middle ear to the upper part of the throat
used to even out pressure each side fo the eardrum during changes in pressure - if blocked, most discomfort during descent (barotruama)
7
Q
Inner ear - vestibular apparatus
A
- balance
8
Q
semi circular canals
A
- located above the cochlea
- hollow loops filled and lots of tiny hair follicles (cuplua)
- sense angular acceleration
- slow rate can go undetected
9
Q
Otolith Organ
A
- located above the cochlea
- consists of UTRICLE (horizontal) and Saccule (vertical)
- senses linear acceleration
10
Q
Vestibular Apparatus
A
- visual-most dominant roll in sense of blanace
11
Q
Cornea
A
film protects the eye and help the lens focus light on to the retina
- held in shape by the aqueous humour
12
Q
lens
A
adjusted in shape by ciliary muscles to focus on object at different distance
13
Q
Iris
A
coloured part of the eye, changes shape in response to light intensity
14
Q
Pupil
A
aperture of the eye allowing light to reach the retina
- varied in size by the iris
15
Q
Retina
A
- back of the eye
- contain the fovea: most sensitive area for fine detail
- contain two type of cells (cones and rods)
16
Q
Cones
A
- located centrally around the fovea
- require high level of light to function
- utilised for colour and fine detail
17
Q
Rods
A
- located around the cones
- not sensitive to colour
- operate best in low light level
- dark adaption take approx 30min
- deteriorate within seconds of exposure to bright light
- strong glare in the day will adversely affect night vision for up to a week
- red filter used in night flying
18
Q
Optic Nerve
A
- transmit visual information to the brain
- create a blind spot
19
Q
Hyperopia (long sightedness)
A
corrected using convex lens
20
Q
Mypoia (short sightness)
A
corrected using concave lens
21
Q
Astigmatism
A
irregularities in the cornea and the lens causes distortion of different parts of the object to different degree of blurring some parts
22
Q
Presbyopia
A
- natural condition of aging
- lens become less flexible with age and difficulty is experienced focusing on nearby objects in low light
23
Q
Collision Avoidance
A
- if another aircraft is on converging course, it will remain at a fixed point on the wind shield
- brain perceives movement more readily than stationary objects
- aircraft fixed in the wind shield will be harder to spot
24
Q
Saccade/Rest cycle
A
- scan 10-15* of the horizon at internals to allow the eyes time to capture the frame and the brain to perceive the information
25
Disorientation
conflict of senses create confusion at the brain
| - with no accurate visual reference, brain misinterpret the signals
26
Flicker Vertigo
- similar effect to a strobe light
| - certain frequencies distraction, disorientation and nausea
27
Empty Field Mypoia
- no distant object for the eyes to focus = ciliary muscles relax
- eye takes up their rest focus of above 1-2m
- aircraft moving into field of vision may not seen
- to resolve, regularly focus eyes on parts of the aircraft and distant defined objects
28
Autokinesis
eye makes regular small jerky movement
| - if a person fixates on a distant feature with no other reference --> appears through it is moving erratically
29
Bright side up
if in cloud and the sun strikes it obliquely --> pilot may believe the wing arent level
- bank the aircraft bright is up and enter a gradual turn
30
Black Hole approach
- approach path is over featureless terrain at night depth perception is made difficult
- consider themselves to be high on the approach = so correct
- leads to getting very low before the illusion is realised
31
Sloping Terrain on Approach
- believe they are closer to or further from the ground than they should b
- attempt to correct
- terrain slopes down towards the threshold --> believe they are low when in fact of profile
32
Sloping Runway
- sloping runway will change the aspect on the correct approach path
- believe they are higher or lower than normal
33
Runway Dimensions
- narrow + long runways
- -> illusion that the a/c is low
- -> illusion that the a/c is high when actually on profile
| - -> illusion that the a/c is low when on profile
34
Wide Runways
| narrow runway
- -> flare to high
| - -> flare to low
35
Water on windshield
- heavy layer of water --> light refract and the runway to appear in a different position to what it actually is
- get low on the approach when trying to correct
36
The leans
- vestibular apparatus does not respond to very slow acceleration
- if the aircraft rolled very gradually left --> pilot may not notice
- correction to wing levels is more deliberate and detected by the vestibular system
- produce an uncomfortable feeling the a.c is banked in the opposite direction
37
Coriolis illusion
- semicircular canals are set in three planes
- turn each is stimulated detecting acceleration in the plane
- if the pilot tilts their head in the turn the canals suddenly change the planes they detect
- change in fluid movement for all canals = disorientation
38
Pressure Vertigo
- pressure builds up in the inner ear due to a blocked eustachian tube
- disturb vestibular apparatus
- potiential --> disorientation + nausea
39
Graveyard Spiral/Spin
- results from combination of illusion and inexperience with instrument
- pilot applies inappropriate inputs
- normally enters spiral dive or spin it may be unrecoverable
40
Acceleration Error
-accelerating level flight = the body is foreced back into -the seat and the vestibular apparatus detects an acceleration
- after take-off --> think the nose is pitching up excessively
- to correct, pilot response to pitch the nose down aggravating the illusion
- opposite occurs when decelerating a stall and resulting spin
41
Factors affecting illusion
colds + illness
stress
fatigue
42
Overcoming illusion
- focus on a reliable visual reference (true horizon and artifical horizon)
43
Circulation
- heart is centrally located muscle = acts as a pump, forcing blood to various part of the body
- oxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs where oxygen is called and CO2 is left to be exhaled
- oxygen attaches to haemoglobin and is carried back the heart to complete the process again
44
Partial pressure and respiration
oxygen transferred from the lings to the haemoglobin it must pass through the Alveoli membrane
-partial pressure falls too low = breathing apparatus will required to ensure sufficient oxygen is attached
45
Hyxpoia
- occur due to starvation of oxygen
| - no oxygen is present the condition (hypoxia)
46
Hypoxic Hypoxia
due to a lack of oxygen in the air
47
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Body tissue is unable to absorb oxygen from the bloodstream
48
Anemic Hypoxia
blood is unstable to carry oxygen
49
Stagnant hypoxia
results due to heart problem
50
Effect of Hypoxia
brained is starved of oxygen --> clarity of thought and physical capabiliity will be reduced
above 4000 Night effect
10,000 - supplementary oxygen must be provided
51
Carbon Monoxide
```
Colourless, odourless, tasteless gas
highly toxic
bond with haemoglobin over oxygen
caused deprivation of oxygen in the blood stream - exhaust gas
cigraette
```
52
Symptoms of Co-poisoning
- initial feeling of euphoria
- light headed, dizzy
Cherry red
- confusion
-unconsciousness
-death
53
Long term Damage Co-posioning
- heart dysfunction
| - brain damage
54
Detection Co-poisoning
- co detector
- visual
- audible
55
Symptoms Co-posioning
| More severe symptoms
- stop the source
- remove from the environment
- remove from the environment
- immediately administer oxygen
- seek help stop the source
56
Hyperventilation
- due to the onset rapid of breathing
- self perpetuating cycle a feeling of breathlessness in the sufferer + further anxiety
- fright generating the fight or flight response
- bodies adrenaline levels and heart rate increase, in preparation to provide invrease oxygen levels to the muscles
- no actual physical exercise, oxygen levels in the body quickly increase whilst carbon dioxide level reduce
- produces the commonly felt light headed + weak feeling
57
Treatment for hyperventilation
- calm the person down + slow breathing
- getting the person to talk, drink water or breathe
- breathing into paper bag allows essentially rebreathe the exhaled carbon dixoide
58
Motion Sickness
- nausea due to motion
| - arises due to over stimulation of the vestibular apparatus --> suffere to become disorientated
59
Aggravation of motion sickness
- turbulence
- heat
- humidity
- smell
- alcohol, fatigue or greasy meals
- High G
- anxiety
- unfamiliar
60
Motion Sickness Resolve
Medication, Fly smoothly, desentiziation
61
Accerelation and effect of G force
- force exerted on the body due to acceleration in a linear or radial direction
- experienced during take-off roll, whilst radial acceleration is experienced in a steep turn at a constant IAS
62
load Factor
bodies evolved to support themselves + our heart has to evolved to pump blood around the body
- g force were to increase psotiivley above 1 G --> feet would be heavier and work harder to maintain an upright position
- heart would work harder to pump blood at greater pressure
- automonous muscles have no real cntrol
- g forces increase = amount of blood + oxygen reaching the upper body starts to reduce
- little storage of sugar in the upper body --> effect on our vision and level consicouness
63
Grey out
blackout
6g and above
3.5G
depletion of sugar levels in the eyes affect vision
5g
average person --> gloc
64
Factors affecting tolerance to G
- level of health and fitness
- rate at which G was exeterd / how long it was sustained for
- height
- stress and fatigue
- G suit
- Anti G straining manoeuvre
65
Stress
- part of everyday life
| - accumulative
66
Arousal
- state of alertness
- high level of arousal produces the best performance
- when increases to anxiety = performance decrease
- complete task effectively
- stimulus increase arousal increases
67
Stressor work related
- tests
- workload
- bullying
- expectation
68
Domestic stressors
- moving
- death
- divorce
69
Environmental stressors
- noise
- vibration
- temperature
- humidity
- turbulence
- weather
70
Acute Stress
- respond to or resolve a stressors immediately
- part of everyday life
- no professional help required
- temporary stress caused by stressors
71
Chronic Stress
- endured for a long period of time
- result of many stressors or one severe stressors
- domestic or work related stressors
- professional help is commonly sought
72
Mental Stress symptoms
mental blocks
forgetfulness
inability to concentrate
deferring decisions
73
Physical stress symptoms
```
high pulse rate
dryness of the mouth
excessive sweating
headaches
body pains
```
74
Emotional stress symptoms
```
depression
anxiety
frustration
guilt
mood swings
short temper
```
75
Emotional Stress symptoms
```
Depression
anxiety
frustration
guilt
moods swing
short temper
```
76
behavioural stress symptoms
```
high alcohol consumption
overheating
smoking
unexpected absence
nervous trembling in voice
daydreaming
```
77
Response to stressors Alarm
symptoms of stress become highly noticeable
| adrenaline is released and the body prepared for flight/fight
78
Resistance (response to stressors)
- body combats the stressors (internal/external)
- plateau is reached where moderate performance is achieved
- sense of not giving is felt
79
Collapse (response to stressors)
- body burns up physical and psychological energy it simply gives in
- signs of collapse fatigue,anxiety,depressions
80
Stress Coping Strategies (cognitive)
- rationalising the situation
- replacing the stressors with other thoughts
- emotional detachment
- professional help = utilise cognitive coping as an strategy for treatment
81
Stress Coping Strategies (action)
- physcially remove yourself from the environment
| - doing something about the stressors
82
Symptoms directed (stress)
not resolving the issue but deferring it
symptoms directed treatment is temporary
alcoholism
drug abuse
83
Factors coping with stress
```
general health
personality
comfortable and organised personal life
well rested
well practised / prepared
apptitude for the task
- more intellectual people and more susceptible to chronic stress
```
84
Fatigue
extreme tiredness
85
Actue Fatigue
Caused by long day
tough temporary environment (extreme temperature, humdity)
fixed by a nights rest
86
Chronic Fatigue
```
caused underlying issues
stress-anxiety
professional help needed
not resolved by a restful night sleep
change in life style needed
```
87
Causes of fatigue
lack of restful sleep
out of sync body rhythm (jet lag)
poor diet
poor fitness
88
Symptoms and affects of fatigue
- inability to concentrate/perform task
- monotonous and complex tasks show sign of deterioration first
- motor skills (coordination) and sensory perception (sa) will be affected
- poor memory recall
- poor task management
- slow reactions
- Forgetting ( radio calls, checklists, sops )
89
BODY RHYTHMS CIRCADIAN CYCLE
- numerous cycles demonstrating variation in performance of activities + arousal at different hours of the day
- cycle = 25 hours - 24 hours
- post prandal dip = reduction in arousal just afternoon (whether food is consumed or not)
90
Sleep wake Cycle
- typical person requires 8 hours of sleep per 24 hours
- 1hr = 2 hrs credit
- sleep most effective when in tune with body rhythms
91
Stages of Sleep
1-4= non REM (to rest and repair body)
5=rem (to repair mentally)
90 mins
- each stage shows distinct brain activity
- half of total sleep consists fo stage 2 sleep
Stage 5 = REM = paxadoxial sleep due to the brain shows acitivity silimar to being awake
-rem stage = vivid dream
92
Factors negatively affecting sleeps
- poor diet
- regular excessive alcohol consumption (binge drinking)
- stress (brain is active)
- environment (situational insomnia)
- attempting to sleep outside of the circadian rhythm
- late exercise
- caffeinne
- smoking
93
Alcohol On sleep
- consumption of alcohol prior to sleeping will lead to reduced REM sleep
- early awakening due to lack of restful sleep
- produce fatigue
- excessive alcohol consumption, hangover can last for more than 48 hours
94
Insomnia
- sleep to remian alseep as long as desired
- results in
- irritability
- stress
- fatigue
95
Situational Insomnia
- caused by the environment (temperature, humidity, noise)
| - lack of familiarity with the environment
96
Clinical Insomnia
- familiar with surroundings but still unstable to sleep
97
Nervous Insomnia
- caused by anxiety
| - acute fatigue
98
Chronic
- long term inability
- classified as a disorder
- ->Family History
- emotionally/psycholigically
- illness,allergies,ongoing pain
- regular alcohol or drug abuse
PPL
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