PPrt Intro

Question 1

the sum total of processes tending to the maintenance and replication of a living organism, taken as a group of metabolic systems

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

is the study of how insects live and reproduce

Answer 2

Insect physiology

Question 3

enumerate the physiological systems in insects

Answer 3

1. Insect Integument
2. Endocrine
3. Muscular
4. Respiratory
5. Digestive
6. Circulatory
7. Nervous
8. Excretory

Question 4

The study of the harmful actions of chemicals on biological tissue ; involves an understanding of chemical reactions and interactions, and understanding of the biological mechanisms

Answer 4

Toxicology

Question 5

A sub-discipline of medical toxicology ; does not include clinical diagnosis or treatment of humans affected by insecticides.

Answer 5

Insect Toxicology

Question 6

A process by which a chemical crosses various membranes of an organism

Answer 6

Absorption

Question 7

Ability of a poison (pesticide) to produce adverse effects

Answer 7

Toxicity

Question 8

Ability of a chemical to do systemic damage as a result of a one-time exposure to large amount

Answer 8

Acute Toxicity

Question 9

Examples of Acute Toxicity

Answer 9

Acute oral, Acute dermal, Acute inhalation

Question 10

Harmful effects of chemicals by long-term exposure which persist over a long period of time

Answer 10

Chronic Toxicity

Question 11

a single dose of a toxic substance administered by any route (except inhalation) that causes 50% death of an animal population

Answer 11

LD50 or Lethal Dose 50

Question 12

lowest dose of a substance
reported to have caused death in humans or animals

Answer 12

LDLo or Lethal Dose Low

Question 13

is the concentration of a material in air that kills 50% of a group of test animals administered as a single exposure in a specific period. Used when the route of administration is by inhalation, expressed as parts of material per million parts of air (ppm)

Answer 13

LC50 or Lethal Concentration 50

Question 14

total amount of a substance administered to, taken up, or absorbed by an organism, organ, or tissue

Answer 14

Dose

Question 15

the proportion of an exposed population
with a defined effect on the proportion of a group of individuals that demonstrates a defined effect in a given time at a given dose rate.

Answer 15

Response

Question 16

time required for the concentration of a
reactant in a given reaction to reach a value that is the arithmetic mean of its initial and final (equilibrium) values.

Answer 16

Half-life

Question 17

Tolerance

Answer 17

ability of an organism to show less
response to a specific dose of a chemical that it demonstrated on a prior occasion (acquired)

Question 18

Pesticides comprise ______ in total agricultural inputs expenditure

Answer 18

18.2%

Question 19

Insecticides constitute approximately _________, fungicides 22% and herbicide 16% of the pesticides used

Answer 19

55%

Question 20

Pesticides are for what crops?

Answer 20

rice, corn, vegetables, and plantation
crops

Question 21

PD ______ merged the fertilizer and pesticide industries

Answer 21

PD 1144

Question 22

meaning of FPA

Answer 22

Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority

Question 23

Provides rules to prevent unlawful sale and use of fertilizers, pesticides ,and other agricultural chemicals

Answer 23

Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority

Question 24

Parathion, Malathion, and Diazinon are

Answer 24

Organophosphates

Question 25

Carbaryl (sevin), Methomyl (Lannate) are

Answer 25

Carbamates

Question 26

Permethrin (Ambush®, Pounce®) is a

Answer 26

Pyrethroid/s

Question 27

site for muscle attachment, insect locomotion, breathing, feeding, protection from dessication, water control, and defense against microorganisms and environmental chemicals

Answer 27

Exoskeleton

Question 28

3 Divisions of the Integument of an Insect

Answer 28

1. Cuticle (NC) 2. Epidermis (C) 3. Basement Membrane (NC)

Question 29

is the outer, thin, delicate layer without chitin; varying in thickness from 1-4μ

Answer 29

Epicuticle

Question 30

Four sublayers of the epicuticle

Answer 30

1. Cement Layer 2. Wax Layer 3. Polyphenol Layer 4. Cuticulin Layer/ outer epicuticle

Question 31

a very thin layer outside most of wax layer and consists of mucopolysaccharide * protects the underlying wax and not produced by all insects * secreted by dermal glands

Answer 31

Cement Layer

Question 32

* the thickest layer of 0.5 to 2.0 μm * contains various types of phenols which are mainly used in resistant to acids and organic solvents

Answer 32

Polyphenol Layer/ inner epicuticle

Question 32

* consists of long chain hydrocarbons, esters of fatty acids and alcohols * It serves as water proof layer preventing water loss from the body.

Answer 32

Wax Layer

Question 33

* A very thin trilaminar layer only of about 15 nm * It serves the purpose of permeability and also acts as growth barrier.

Answer 33

Cuticulin Layer/ outer epicuticle

Question 34

It is a thicker layer below epicuticle and is often darker and harder than the rest. * It contributes rigidity and toughness to the cuticle * Consist of chitin and protein

Answer 34

Exocuticle

Question 35

In some insects, the highly sclerotized exocuticle grades into less sclerotized cuticle

Answer 35

Mesocuticle

Question 36

The inner undifferentiated part below the ________ is the ______and is characterized by the presence of chitin

Answer 36

exocuticle; endocuticle

Question 37

is a nitrogenous polysaccharide (C8H13O6N)x * 25-60 per cent of the dry weight of the cuticle * is a polymer of acetylglucosamine residues joined by β-glycosidic linkages

Answer 37

Chitin

Question 38

is found in the endocuticle and comprises half the dry weight of the insect cuticle

Answer 38

Protein

Question 39

is the protein substance found in the exocuticle

Answer 39

Sclerotin

Question 40

is an ordinary protein of the cuticle which provides elasticity of the cuticle.

Answer 40

Resilin

Question 41

It is soft water soluble protein present in endocuticle.

Answer 41

Anthropodin

Question 42

The conversion of arthopodin in to sclerotin is known as

Answer 42

Sclerotization or Tanning

Question 43

due to the amount of sclerotization or tanning of the proteins that takes place. This involves cross-linking of the proteins. A process often called tanning or sclerotization. Mainly occurs in the exocuticle.

Answer 43

Hardness

Question 44

due to less proteins being sclerotized and is usually due to more endocuticle being present than exocuticle. Also certain proteins, such as resilin provide flexibility. Many ‘soft’ larvae.

Answer 44

Flexibility

Question 44

due to the presence of chitin in the endocuticle.

Answer 44

Strength

Question 45

Other physical properties of the Cuticle

Answer 45

4. Healing 5. Plasticity 6. Hydrophobicity 7. Permeability in certain conditions

Question 46

It is an unicellular layer formed from polygonal cells

Answer 46

Epidermis

Question 47

All the epidermal cells are glandular and secrete cuticle and the enzymes involved in production and digestion of old cuticle during molting. true of false

Answer 47

True

Question 48

primary function is to anchor down the epithelium to its loose connective tissue

Answer 48

Basement membrane

Question 49

acts as a mechanical barrier, preventing malignant cells from invading the deeper tissues

Answer 49

Basement membrane

Question 50

is a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation

Answer 50

Metamorphosis