1
Q
different connectivity of atoms
A
constitutional
2
Q
different functional groups
A
functional
3
Q
different positions of the functional groups
A
positional
4
Q
different carbon skeleton
A
skeletal
5
Q
same connectivity but different spatial orientation of atoms
A
stereoisomers
6
Q
- different, NON-INTERCONVERTING spatial arrangement of atoms
- NOT the result of rotation about single bonds
- DIFFERENT compounds
A
configurational
7
Q
result from restricted rotation around a double bond or on cyclic alkanes
A
Geometric
8
Q
around a chiral carbon
A
optical
9
Q
nonsuperimposable mirror images
A
enantiomers
10
Q
nonmirror images
A
Diastereomers
11
Q
- different, INTERCONVERTING spatial arrangements of atoms
- the RESULT of rotation about single bonds
- SAME compound
A
Conformational
12
Q
Usually uses the name given when it was discovered
A
common
13
Q
Names compound as a derivative of a parent compound
A
derived
14
Q
- Most systematic
- Based on the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
A
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
15
Q
position and name of functional group
A
suffix
16
Q
position/s, number, & name/s of substituents; number of C of parent functional group
A
prefixes
17
Q
where and what are the substituents?
A
prefixes
18
Q
how many carbons?
A
parent
19
Q
where is the primary functional group?
A
locant
20
Q
what is the primary functional group?
A
suffix
21
Q
Contain carbon and hydrogen only
A
HYDROCARBONS
22
Q
types of hydrocarbons
A
- Aliphatic, Cyclic, and Aromatic
- Saturated and Unsaturated
- Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes
23
Q
- open chain (acyclic)
- Straight chain
- Branched
A
aliphatic
24
Q
has a closed ring but no aromaticity
A
alicyclic
25
has a benzene ring
aromatic
26
contain C-C bonds
saturated
27
contain at least one C=C or C ≡C bond
unsaturated
28
formula for alkane
CnH2n+2
29
formula for alkene
CnH2n
30
formula for alkyne
CnH2n-2
31
molecular geometry for:
alkane
alkene
alkyne
tetrahedral
trigonal planar
linear
32
* Saturated hydrocarbons
* Single bonds (sigma)
* sp3 hybridized C atoms
* Bond angles approximate 109.5°
* Tetrahedral geometry
* CnH2n+2
alkane
33
a.k.a. paraffins
* derived from L. parum affinis, meaning “slight affinity”
* describes LITTLE CHEMICAL AFFINITY for other substances and are inert to most
laboratory reagents
* relatively unreactive and are rarely involved in chemical reactions
* react under appropriate conditions with oxygen, chlorine, and a few other
substances
alkanes
34
*occur naturally in the plant and animal world
*most common sources: natural gas and petroleum deposits
*derived from the decomposition ofplant andanimal matter, primarily of marine origin
alkane
35
found in the waxy coating on cabbage leaves
nonacosane (C29H60)
36
found in wood oil of the Jeffrey pine common to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California
heptane (C7H16)
37
consists chiefly of methane but also contains ethane, propane, and butane
natural gas
38
a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that must first be separated into various fractions and then further refined before it can be used
petroleum
39
PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
Combustion Reaction
- form H2O and CO2
Reaction with Chlorine
- occurs when irradiated with ultraviolet light (hv)
40
same molecular formula of alkane but different structural formula (different connectivity of atoms).
constitutional isomers
41
C atoms
* ____ – bonded to 1 C
* ____ – bonded to 2Cs
* ____ – bonded to 3Cs
* ____ – bonded to 4Cs
H atoms
* ____ – bonded to primary C
* ____ – bonded to a secondary C
* ____ – bonded to a tertiary C
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary
secondary
tertiary
42
abbreviation for secondary
sec-butyl
43
abbreviation for tertiary
tert-butyl
44
methyl group attached to the 2nd C
4 methyl groups attached to one C
unbranched chains
iso
neo
n (normal)
45
Alkanes with 2 or more C can be twisted into a number of different 3D arrangements of their atoms by rotating about1 or more C-C bonds.
CONFORMATIONALISOMERS
46
oblique view of C-C bond
Sawhorse
47
along a C-C bond
Newman Projection
48
C-H bonds are as far away from each other; more stable
Staggered
49
C-H bonds are as close as possible; less stable
Eclipsed
50
* Contain two fewer hydrogen atoms than an aliphatic alkane with the same
numberofcarbonatoms(CnH2n)
* Usually represented by skeletal formulas
ALICYCLIC ALKANES (CYCLOALKANES)
51
* sp3 carbons have bond angles of 109.5°
* But cycloalkanes, assuming they are planar, have different bond angles = ___
180*
52
strain that arises when atoms separated by four or more bonds are forced abnormally close to one another
steric strain
53
vertical; alternating up and down
axial
54
outward; parallel to the lines of the ring
equatorial
55
isomer:
_____ on the same side
_____ across from
cis
trans
56
alkyl halide
______ released in large amounts by ocean kelp, forest fires and volcanoes
have a vast array of industrial applications, including use as:
* solvents
* inhaled anesthetics
* refrigerants
* pesticides
chloromethane
57
* a.k.a. olefins
* occur abundantly in nature
* ____ –plant hormone that induces ripening in fruit
* ____ –the major component of turpentine
* ____ – a poly alkene that contains 11 double bonds; the orange pigment responsible for the color of carrots; and a valuable dietary source of vitamin
alkene
Ethylene
a-pinene
b-carotene
58
much less common than alkenes
alkynes
59
ALKENES WITH MULTIPLE BONDS
separated by at least 2 single bonds
adjacent
alternating with single bonds
isolated
cumulative
conjugated
60
For disubstituted alkenes
CIS-TRANS SYSTEM
61
for tri‐ and tetrasubstituted alkenes
E/Z SYSTEM
62
E/Z SYSTEM
E - From the German _____, meaning opposite; specifies that groups of higher priority on the carbons of a double bond are on opposite sides
Z - From the German _____, meaning together; specifies that groups of higher priority on the carbons of a double bond are on the same side.
entgegen
zusammen
63
E/Z SYSTEM
priority rules is based on _________. The higher the atomic no, the higher the priority
atomic number
CCP 3
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