Practical 3: Development Flashcards by Eric Chandrasekhar

Q

A

A

Corona radiata

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Q

B

A

Zona pellucida

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Q

C

A

First polar body

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Q

D

A

Chromosomes are separating

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Q

E

A

Anaphase II

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Q

F

A

Metaphase II

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Q

A

A

Spermatozoa entering oocyte

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Q

B

A

Corona radiata

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Q

C

A

Zona pellucida

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Q

D

A

One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids

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Q

A

A

Zygote

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Q

B

A

Yes, a fertilized oocyte

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Q

C

A

Nuclear division

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Q

D

A

Male pro-nucleus

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Q

E

A

Female pro-nucleus

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Q

F

A

Zona pellucida

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Q

G

A

One is the second polar body
The other two are ootids

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Q

A

A

Zygote

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Q

B

A

Yes

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Q

C

A

Spermatozoan

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Q

D

A

Male pronucleus

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Q

E

A

Female pronucleus

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Q

A

A

Two-cell embryo

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Q

B

A

30 Hours old

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C

Blastomere

A

Two-cell embryo

B

30 Hours old

C

Zona pellucida

A

Four-cell embryo

B

48 hours

C

Blastomere

A

Four-cell embryo

B

48 Hours

A

Eight-cell embryo

B

60 hours

A

Morula

B

3 days

C

16 cells

D

Totipotent

E

Every blastomere has the potential to develop into a complete individual (as seen in identical twins)

A

Morula

B

3 days

A

Early blastula or blastocyst

B

4 days

C

Hollow

D

Inner cell mass

E

Embryo proper

F

Trophoblasts

G

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

H

Maintains the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone to maintain the uterus for pregnancy

I

Blastocoel

J

Fluid

A

Early blastula/blastocyst

B

4 days

A

Bilaminar blastula

B

7 days

C

Hollow

D

Nidation

E

Around day 6

F

Trophoblasts

G

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

H

Epiblast

I

Embryo proper

J

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

K

Hypoblast

L

Extraembryonic endoderm structures like the yolk sac

M

Blastocoel

A

Late blastula

B

8 days

C

Hollow

D

Lacunae

E

Maternal blood

F & G

Syncytiotrophoblasts

H

Invades the uterus to establish the chorion (the fetal contribution to the placenta)

I

Cytotrophoblasts

J

Syncytiotrophoblasts

L

Amnion

M

Thin membrane surrounding the embryo/fetus

N

Amniotic cavity

O

Epiblast

P

Blastocoel

Q

Hypoblast

A

Late blastula

B

8 days

C

Hollow

D

Chorionic cavity

E

Blastocoel

F

Hypoblast

G

Epiblast

H

Amniotic cavity

I

Amnion

J

Cytotrophoblasts

K

Syncytiotrophoblasts

L

Lacunae

A

12 days

B & C

Syncytiotrophoblasts

D

Establish the chorion

E

Cytotrophoblasts

F

Syncytiotrophoblasts

G

Invade the uterus to establish the chorion

H

Amnion

I

Amniotic cavity

J

Epiblast

K

Primary yolk sac

L

Extraembryonic endoderm

M

Mesoderm

N

Hypoblast

A

Trilaminar embryo/gastrula

B

Day 14

C

Secondary yolk sac

D

Connecting stalk

E

Connecting stalk

F

Umbilical cord

G

Chorion

H

Syncytiotrophoblasts

I

Amnion and amniotic cavity

J

Prochordal plate

K

Cephalic region of the embryo (head)

L

Epiblast

M

Secondary yolk sac

N

The primary yolk sac

O

Chorionic cavity

B

28 days

C

5 mm 1/5 inch

D

No, just the limb buds

E

Chorion/placenta

F

Somites

G

Vertebrae, muscles, dermis, cartilage

H

Pharyngeal arches

I

Auditory ossicles, mandible, nerves, hyoid, thymus

J

Thinning

K

Chorionic cavity

L

Secondary yolk sac

M

Primordial germ cells

N

Gonads (ovaries/testes)

O

Chorionic villi

P

Connecting stalk/umbilical cord

Q

Umbilical vessels

A

Embryonic

B

7 weeks

C

Limb buds

B

8-10 weeks

C

22 mm 1 inch

D

No

E

Chorionic cavity

F

Connecting stalk/umbilical cord

G

Secondary yolk sac being resorbed by connecting stalk/umbilical cord

H

Chorion/placenta

I

Amnion

A

Endometrium

B

Morula

D

3 days

E

4-cell stage

F

48 hours

G

Zygote

H

Uterine tube

I

Fertilization

J

Oocyte

K

Metaphase II

L

Ovary

M

Implanting blastocyst

N

Day 6

O

Cervix

A

2

B

Zona pellucida

C

Nucleoli within the nucleus

D

Remnants of 2nd polar body

A

4

A

Morulae

A

Early blastocyst

B

Blastocoel

A

Expanded blastocyst

A

Hatching blastocyst

A

Hatched blastocyst

What does human development depend on?

Temporal and spatial cues in dynamic niches that regulate multiple mesenchymal progenitor cell pools

What do progenitor cells differentiate in response to?

Distinct micro-environmental cues

What is a developing embryo or fetus?

Conceptus

What is the time of development within the uterus?

Gestation

How long is the growing human an embryo?

Day 1 to week 8

How long is the developing human a fetus?

Week 8 until birth

What surrounds the oocyte?

Zona pellucida

What is the fertilized oocyte called?

Zygote

Where does fertilization occur?

In the ampulla of the fallopian tube

When does fertilization happen?

During day 14-15 of a 28 day reproductive cycle

Is the time an oocyte can be fertilized long or short?

Short, as little as 15 hours after ovulation

A two-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?

30 hours

A four-cell embryo occurs how many hours after fertilization?

48 hours

What is each cell called in an embryo?

Blastomere

What is next after a four-cell embryo?

Eight-cell embryo

What is a solid ball of cells?

Morula

What day does the morula develop?

Around day 3

At what day does the embryo reach the uterus? What stage of development?

4 days (early blastula)

What do trophoblasts differentiate into?

Cytotrophoblasts

What do cytotrophoblasts differentiate into?

Syncytiotrophoblasts

What do syncytiotrophoblasts form?

The chorionic portion of the placenta

What is the zona pellucida made of?

Glycoprotein shell

When does the embryo "hatch" out of the zona pellucida?

Day 4 (when the embryo reaches the uterus)

What does nidate mean?

Implant

What does the inner cell mass become?

The embryo proper

What cells are on the outer wall of the embryo and contribute to the placenta?

Trophoblasts

When does nidation occur?

Day 6-9 after fertilization

Nidation occurs with what stage of development?

Blastula

On what day does the inner cell mass differentiate into two layers?

Day 7

What two layers does the inner cell mass differentiate into on day 7?

Epiblast Hypoblast

What forms the primary yolk sac?

Hypoblast

How many layers are the syncytiotrophoblasts?

Single layer

How many layers are the cytotrophoblasts?

Single layer

What does the "syncitio" in syncytiotrophoblast mean?

Multinucleated

Which cells are aggressively invasive and digest into the uterus to establish the placenta?

Syncytiotrophoblasts

What day do some lacunae fuse and maternal blood seeps in by?

Day 13

What are the uterine arteries called that deliver nutrients and oxygen to the embryo?

Spiral arteries

When does the chorionic cavity fuse by?

Day 14

When does the secondary yolk sac push down from the hypoblast and cause the primary yolk sac to regress?

Day 14

What is the trilaminar embryo also known as?

Trilaminar embryonic disc and gastrula

When do the primordial germ layers develop by?

Day 15-16

Where do the primordial germ layers develop from?

Epiblast

What is the development of the embryo from zygote to the trilaminar embryo called?

Embryogenesis

What is the development of the primordial germ layers called?

Gastrulation

What is the development of organs and their systems called?

Organogenesis

What are mesodermal masses that lie on either side of the notocord that give the embryo a "segmented" appearance?

Somites

What can be used to "date" the embryo's progress?

Somites

What are median cylindrical structures that are eventually replaced by the vertebral column?

Notochord

How many pairs of somites are there?

40

What are the 3 parts of the somite?

Sclerotome cells Dermatome cells Myotome cells

What do sclerotome cells produce?

Vertebra and ribs

What do dermatome cells produce?

The dermis of the skin on the dorsal part of the body

What do the myotome cells form?

Skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs

What do the myotome cells form muscles via?

Limb buds

What is the development of the placenta called?

Placentation

What are the two major components of the placenta?

Chorion Decidua

What is the fetal contribution to the placenta?

Chorion

What is the maternal contribution to the placenta?

Decidua

What guides the fetal vessels into the uterus?

Chorionic villi

What part of the placenta participates in the exchange of nutrients/wastes/etc?

Decidua

What in the placenta aids in protecting the fetus from maternal immune attack?

Decidua

When does the placenta allow the passage of maternal IgG's to the fetus as early as?

20 weeks

What takes over progesterone production once the corpus luteum regresses?

The placenta

When does the corpus luteum regress and the placenta takes over progesterone production?

By 8 weeks

What is the embryonic process where the rudiments of the CNS become established?

Neurulation

What is it called when a flat sheet of cells is converted into a hollow tube?

Embryonic folding

What is it called when you sample amniotic fluid with a needle to examine fetal chromosomes?

Amniocentesis

When is amniocentesis done?

10-12 weeks

What do primordial germ cells give rise to?

Gonadal ridge Hemopoietic stem cells

What does the gonadal ridge give rise to?

Gonads (ovaries, testes)

What does the hemopoietic stem cells give rise to?

Blood cells

What structure becomes part of the umbilical cord and urinary bladder, and is critical in the development of extraembryonic membranes?

Allantois

What is it called when villus cells are biopsied?

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

When does CVS occur?

15-18 weeks

At what day does the neural tube form from the neural groove?

Day 18

Where does the neural tube form?

Dorsum of the embryo

When should the anterior portion of the neural tube close?

Day 25

When should the posterior portion of the neural tube close?

Day 27

What is an anterior neural tube defect called?

Anencephaly

What is a posterior neural tube defect called?

Spina bifida

What are NTD indicated by?

Increased alpha fetal protein

What increases NTD risk?

Folic acid deficiency

What is the process of giving birth?

Parturition

What does the fetus release to signal maternal posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin?

Cortisol

What does oxytocin cause in the mother?

Uterine contractions