Fasting Blood Glucose Concentration
3.5 - 6 mmol/L
After a Meal Blood Glucose Concentration
Briefly rises to 9 mmol/L
How Glucometer Works
= The glucometer determines how much glucose is present in a blood sample by an enzymatic reaction, using the enzyme glucose oxidase. The meter uses biosensor technology. To perform a test, an electrode is inserted into the sensor and a drop of blood is applied to the electrode. The electrode contains the above enzyme and some chemicals with which the glucose in your blood sample reacts. This reaction produces very small electrical currents. The sensor measures these currents and then displays your blood glucose result
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
- Measure fasting blood glucose
- Ingest glucose drink
- Measure blood glucose every 30 mins
- Measure blood glucose 2 hours after drink
Blood Glucose Levels (After 2 hours)
- Diabetes: >/= 11 mmol/L
- Pre-Diabetes: 7.8 - 11 mmol/L
- Normal: <7.8 mmol/L
Blood Glucose Homeostasis
- When blood glucose is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin
- When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them
Fasting State
- Fat breakdown
- Glycogenolysis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glucagon release
Fed State
- Insulin release
- Protein synthesis
- Glycogenesis
Type 1 Diabetes
- Early onset
- Insulin deficient
- Treatment: Insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
- Late onset
- Insulin resistant
- Treatment: Hypoglycaemia drugs
Risk Factors for Developing Type 2 Diabetes
- Age
- Gender
- Aboriginal/ TSI
- Location of birth
- Parents/siblings with diabetes
- Previous personal history of high blood glucose levels
- Blood pressure medications
- Cigarette smoke
- Lack of consumption of fruit and vege
- Lack of exercise
- Waist measurement/weight
Three Metabolic Abnormalities that Contribute to Development of Type 2 Diabetes
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin is produced but insulin receptors are unresponsive or insufficient in number
- Body compensates by increasing insulin production - Decreased Production of Insulin
- Beta cells become fatigued
- Hyperglycaemia - Inappropriate Glucose Production
- Liver releases glucose when not needed
