PRACTICAL EXAM

Question 1

What are the sulci and gyri starting from the parahippocampal gyrus? (mediolateral direction)

Answer 1

parahippocampal gyrus -> collateral sulcus -> occipitotemporal/fusiform gyrus -> occipitotemporal sulcus -> inferior temporal gyrus -> inferior temporal sulcus -> middle temporal gyrus

Question 2

which type of stain best visualises SATELITE CELLS?

Answer 2

H&E staining

Question 3

in H&E staining, which colours refer to which structures?

Answer 3

dark blue/purple = cell nuclei

red/pink = proteins (e.g., in cytoplasm)

Question 4

What colour does NISSL staining appear as? and what do they highlight?

Answer 4

• blue

- nissl bodies (dark)

Question 5

What does LFB stain?

Answer 5

• myelin -> white matter fibres (appear blue)

Question 6

What is shown from Peter’s and Bielchowsky stain?

Answer 6

• nerve fibres and axons

- Bielchowsky especially for features of Alzheimer’s Disease : neurofibrillary tangle (dark) sand senile plaques (dark)

Question 7

In H&E staining, what do Lewy bodies appear as? and where are they found? What disease are they associated with?

Answer 7

• large pink blobs inside the cell

- Parkinson’s disease

Question 8

what is an aneurysm?

Answer 8

a “stretch” in the blood vessel, which can eventually rupture and cause a haemorrhage.

Question 9

On a DWI scan, what can be said if an area appears abnormally HYPERINTENSE (bright)?

Answer 9

• it is an INFARCTION caused by CYTOTOXIC EDEMA (decrease in extracellular fluid leading to less diffusion)

Question 10

On a DWI scan, what can be said if an area appears abnormally HYPOINTENSE (dark)?

Answer 10

• it is caused by VASOGENIC EDEMA (increase in extracellular fluid thus diffusion)

Question 11

what is distention?

Answer 11

enlargement, swelling

Question 12

what is stenosis

Answer 12

abnormal narrowing

Question 13

what score would be given to an atheromatous occlusion which obstructs the lumen by 50%?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

if the surface of the brain features sulci that are obscured (unclearly visible due to thickening of arachnoid mater) what is the pathology?

Answer 14

acute meningitis

Question 15

ventricular enlargement may be caused by? (x2)

Answer 15

cortical atrophy or hydrocephalus (due to sinus blockage)

Question 16

blastomas are? what do they look like

Answer 16

• primary metastases in the brain

- more spread out than a secondary metastases