Topographic anatomy > Practical: Horse > Flashcards

Practical: Horse Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Foramen mandibulae: Nerve block

A
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2
Q

Describe the nerve-block of the bicipital bursa

A
  • 6cm distal from the cranial part of major tubercle
  • 7cm cranial from the deltoid tuberosity
  • Proximomedial direction
  • Aim at the intertubercular groove

Difficult to reach, accessed in a standing horse

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3
Q

Foramen supraorbitale

A

Found in a dimple: Root of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone

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4
Q

Describe the primary nerve-block of the shoulder

A
  • Between the cranial and caudal pars of the major tubercle
  • Horizontal needle
  • Caudomedial direction

The horse should be in a standing position

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5
Q

Trochanter major

A
  • Divided into low cranial and high caudal portions
  • Palpated under the biceps femoris
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6
Q
A

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

(FL)

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7
Q

Lymph node of the head

A
  • Mandibular: Intermandibular space, forms a ‘V’ shape near the facial notch
  • Lateral retropharyngeal: Found in clumps around the pharyngeal wall, caudal to the guttural pouch
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8
Q
A

M. extensor digitorum lateralis

(HL)

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9
Q

Caudoventral border of the lung

A
  • 16th IC space - Tuber coxae
  • 14th IC space - Tuber ischiadicum
  • 10th IC space - Shoulder joint

Diaphragm is located between ribs 8-17

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10
Q

Tuberositas deltoidea

A
  • Craniolateral aspect of proximal humerus
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11
Q

Age ‘determination’

2.5 years → 10 years

A
  • I1 erupts : 2.5 years
  • I2 erupts : 3.5 years
  • I3 erupts : 4.5 years
  • Dental star on I1 : 5 years
  • Dental star on I2 : 6 years
  • Dental star on I3 : 7 years
  • White spot apears in I1 dental star : 8 years
  • White spot apears in I2 dental star : 9 years
  • Cup disappears from I2 maxilla : 10 years
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12
Q

Describe the arthrocentesis of the centrodistal joint

A
  • Small depression halfway between:
    • Tuberculum of the talus
    • Os tali centrale
    • Long medial tarsal collateral ligament
  • Needle directed perpendicular to the limb
  • 1-2 cm deep
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13
Q

Describe needle access to the carpal joint (dorsal approach)

A
  • Lateral/medial from the common digital extensor
  • Palpable depressions between the bone rows

The limb should be flexed

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14
Q

Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Dorsolateral approach)

A
  • Slightly dorsal from the lateral collateral ligament
    • Eminences of Ph-1-2 are palpable
  • Needle directed lateromedially under the digital extensor tendon

The limb can be weight-bearing or extended whilst it is held

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15
Q

Nasal opening of the nasolacrimal duct

A
  • Found on the floor of the nasal vestibule
  • Red/pink dot at the base of the septum
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16
Q

Give the borders of the conchal sinus

A
  • Dorsal border: Fuses with the conchofrontal sinus
  • Middle border: Communicates with the ethmoidal meatus
  • Ventral border: Connects with rostral maxillary sinus
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17
Q

Ostium ileocaecale

A

May be detected with a stethoscope a few cms ventral to the paralumbar fossa

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18
Q

List the patellar ligaments

A
  • Lateral
  • Intermediate
  • Medial
  • Lateral femoropatellar
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19
Q

Age ‘determination’

6 days → 18-24 months

A
  • Id1 erupts : 6 Days
  • Id2 erupts : 6 Weeks
  • Id3 erupts : 6 Months
  • Id1 cup disappears : 10 months
  • Id2 cup disappears : 12 months
  • Id3 cup disappears : 18-24 months

(Id1 = First Deciduous incisor)

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20
Q

Describe needle access of the coffin joint (dorsal approach)

A
  • Just over the tip of the extensor process
  • Needle direction either:
    • Parallel to the ground
    • Perpendicular to the skin

The limb should be weight-bearing, in the midline

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21
Q

Maxillary sinus

A
  • Caudal border: Opens into: Conchofrontal + sphenopalatine sinus
  • Rostral border: Opens into the ventral conchal sinus
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22
Q

Accessory ligament

A
  • Attaches DDF to the metacarpus
  • Approx. 4cm proximal to the head of the splint bone
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23
Q
A

M. extensor carpi radialis

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24
Q

Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (distal palmar/plantar approach)

A
  • Between:
    • Lateral proximal sesamoid bone
    • Base of Ph-I
    • Dorsoproximal needle direction

Dorsal from the lateral digital artery​​

The limb should be weight-bearing

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25
Mandibular gland
* Extends from basihyoid → Atlantal fossa ## Footnote *​Deep and rarely palpable*
26
Pulse point: Artery name
Digital artery
27
Small intestine
* **Duodenum:** Found on the right, turns to the left at the point of L3 * **Jejunum:** Fills the left craniodorsal quadrant * **Ileum:** Short, approaches the caecum from the left
28
Briefly give the needle access of the *coffin joint (lateral approach)*
*This method is barely used*
29
M. extensor digiti longus
Found in the extensor groove of the tibia ## Footnote *Lateral on HL only*
30
Describe the arthrocentesis of the _tarsocrural_ _joint (__plantarolateral_ _approach)_
* Between: * Calcaneal tuber * Tibia * Trochlea of the talus
31
Flexura pelvina
* Transition from the left ventral colon to the left dorsal colon * Found medial to the body/wing of the ilium
32
Describe arthrocentesis of the _medial femorotibial joint_
* Between: * Medial collateral ligament * Medial patellar ligament * 1 cm proximal to the tibia * Needle perpendicular to the limb ## Footnote *Weight-bearing limb*
33
Frontal sinus borders
* Opens into the caudal maxillary sinus * **Rostral:** Midway between medial canthus and infraorbital for. * **Caudal:** Temporomandibular joint
34
The elbow joint may communicate with...
The bursa of the _lateral carpal extensor muscle_
35
Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Proximal approach)
* Palmar/plantar to medial interosseus muscle * Proximal to annular ligament + proximal sesamoid bone * Needle perpendicular to the limb ## Footnote *The limb can be weight-bearing or held*
36
Give the significance of the radiohumeral and humeroulnar joints of the elbow.
The joints are not separated
37
Describe the arthrocentesis of the _tarsometatarsal_ _joint_
* Between * 0.5-1 cm above the basis of Mt-IV * The lateral edge of the superficial digital flexor tendon * Needle directed dorsomedially * 1-2 cm deep
38
M. extensor digtorum lateralis
Lateral on HL + FL
39
Sublingual glands
Between: * Body of the tongue * Medial surface of mandible
40
M. abductor digiti I longus
41
Bones of the carpal joint
* Radial carpal bone * Intermediate carpal bone * Ulnar carpal bone * Accessory carpal bone * C2, C3, C4
42
M. interosseus medius
Suspensory ligament ## Footnote *Both HL + FL*
43
Describe the needle access of the fetlock joint (dorsal approach)
* Between: * Base of _Ph-I_ * Lateral/medial to the _common digital extensor tendon_ ## Footnote * The limb should be weight-bearing* * More painful than other approaches*
44
Describe arthrocentesis of the _tarsocrural_ _joint (dorsomedial approach)_
* 2-3 cm distal to the medial malleolus * Cranial to the cranial branch of the medial saphenous vein * Needle directed plantarolaterally at 45° ## Footnote *Weight-bearing limb*
45
Describe the needle-access of the _elbow joint_ (_caudal approach_)
* 1/3 of the distance between * _Proximal tip_ of the olecranon * _Lateral epicondyle_ of humerus * 45° needle, pointing distomedially * Through the tendon of the triceps * Toward the olecranon fossa
46
Xiphoid process
Follow the costal cartilages to the ventral centre
47
Injection sites into the digital sheath
* Sheath begins 2cm above the fetlock, ending at the middle of Ph2
48
Describe the _superficial fibular nerve block_
* 10 cm proximal to the calcaneal tuber * On the lateral aspect * Between: * Long digital extensor tendon * Lateral digital extensor tendon ## Footnote *Weight-bearing limb*
49
M. flexor digitorum profundus (tendon)
Located between: * Superficial digital flexor tendon * Suspensory ligament *Both HL + FL*
50
Lingual process
May be palpated on the ventral surface of the hyoid bone in the intermandibular space
51
M. extensor carpi radialis
52
Describe synovial cavity communication in the femorotibial joint for Equine
* Prox. + dist. recesses of the same side communicate with each other * Medial + lateral cavities never communicate * Med. femorotibial joint and the femoropatellar joint usually communicates
53
Describe the areas of synovial communication in the hock joint
* Between: * Tarsocrural joint * Talocalcaneocentral joint * Between: * Centrodistal joint * Tarsometatarsal joint
54
List the four joints of the hock
* Tarsocrural joint * Talocalcaneocentral joint * Centrodistal joint * Tarsometatarsal joint
55
Describe needle access of the proximal digital flexor tendon sheet (distal approach)
* Distal to *retinaculum* *flexorium* * *Proximally directed needle* * Between: * _Mc IV_ * _Deep digital flexor_
56
Describe the needle access of the _fetlock joint (proximal palmar/plantar approach)_
* Depression found: * _Medial interosseus muscle_ * _Mc/Mt-III_ * _Lateral proximal sesamoid bone_ * Head of _lateral_ _splint bone_ * Needle perpendicular to the limb ## Footnote * The limb can be held or be weight bearing* * Sample may be contaminated with blood*
57
Parotid gland
Extends from: * Base of the ear + wing of atlas * 'V' formed by the linguofacial + maxillary vein
58
M. tibialis cranialis
Between: * Long digital extensor * Tibia *Medial aspect*
59
Describe the _common fibular nerve block_
* At the origin of the long digital extensor * At the head of the fibula
60
M. extensor digitorum longus ## Footnote *HL only*
61
Describe the deep fibular nerve block
The same as the superficial, only 4-5 cm deep
62
Describe the nerve block of the _tibia_
* 10 cm proximal the calcaneal tuber * Medial aspect * Between: * Common calcaneal tendon * Tendon of the medial deep digital flexor *Weight-bearing limb*
63
Tractus appositus
* Extensor branch from the suspensory ligament * Locate the suspensory ligament (interosseus muscle) * Follow over the pastern bone
64
Where is the communication of the carpal join cavities found?
Between _3rd + 4th carpal bones_
65
Describe the needle-access of the _elbow joint_ (_lateral approach)_
* _Cranial_ or _caudal_ from the _lateral collateral ligament_ * Perpendicular to the skin * 3-4cm deep ## Footnote * The radial nerve is located cranially to here* * The horse should be standing/have a flexed joint*
66
Caput caeca
_Right_ abdomen, under ribs 15-18
67
R. palmaris block
68
Describe needle access of the pastern joint _(Palmar/plantar approach)_
* 'V'-shaped depression on the palmar aspect * Between: * Distal trigone of the proximal phalanx * Lateral crus of superficial digital tendon * Ph-II * No exactly perpendicular but slightly dorsal needle direction ## Footnote *Flex the distal limb*
69
Greater tubercle
* Split into cranial and caudal parts
70
Describe arthrocentesis of the _femorotibial joint (cranial approach)_
* From a cranial direction * Next to the intermediate patellar ligament * Horizontal needle direction *Slightly flexed position*
71
Buccal glands
Along dorsal + ventral oral vestibule (inside mouth)
72
Describe the _distal metacarpal/low palmar_ block
* Between: * _Medial interosseous muscle_ * _Deep digital flexor muscle_ * 1 cm proximal to the _head of Mc II/IV_ * 1.5-2 cm deep ## Footnote *This block is close to the tendon sheet*
73
Facial nerve
Can be seen passing over the masseter ## Footnote *1. in the figure*
74
List the salivary glands of the horse
* Parotid gland * Mandibular gland * Sublingual gland * Buchal glands
75
The tibial nerve block desensitises...
* Plantar tarsus + metatarsus * Medial interosseus muscle * Distal common calcaneal tendon * Most of the foot
76
The shoulder joint may communicate with...
The bicipital bursa
77
Describe the needle access of the _navicular bursa (Lateral/medial approach)_
* Between: * Ph-II * Deep digital flexor
78
Cartilago nasi
Composed of: * Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage * Alar cartilage
79
Lacertus fibrosus
* Fibrous strand attaching biceps to the radial carpal extensor * Located craniomedially
80
Injection sites into the carpal sheath
* Tendon sheath of SDF and DDF as they pass through the carpal canal * Needle inserted palmar-laterally, either proximal or distal to accessory carpal bone
81
List the paranasal sinuses
* Conchal sinus * Sphenopalatine sinus * Frontal sinus * Maxillary sinus
82
Thyroid cartilage
* Deep notch in the ventral aspect is palpable * Behind the lingual process of the basihyoid bone
83
M. abductor digiti I longus
* Crosses the carpus, covering the tendon of the radial carpal extensor
84
The ulnar nerve-block desensitises...
* Skin of the forearm → fetlock *(Laterally)* * Carpal canal * Superficial digital flexor * Medial interosseus muscle
85
M. extensor digitorum communis
*Lateral aspect of forelimb only*
86
Age 'determination' 11 years → 24 years
* White spot appears on dental star of I3 : 11 years * Enamel spot has disappeared from all lower incisors : 12 years * Occlusal surace of I2 is triangular : 17 years * Occlusal surface of I3 is trianglular : 18 years * Galvayne's groove runs the entire length of the tooth : 20 years * I1 has a long oval occlusal surface : 24 years
87
Sphenopalatine sinus
Spenoid and palatine sinus are combined
88
Foramen mentale
Located ventral to the lateral commissure of the lips
89
Describe the needle access of the _navicular bursa (Palmar/plantar approach)_
* Between hoof bulbs * Above the coronary band * The needle should be driven distally * Navicular bone should be touched ## Footnote *The limb should be weight-bearing*
90
Describe the _palmar digital nerve_-block (_PD block_)
* Needle directed at the proximal borders of the lateral/medial ungular cartilage * Subcutaneous ## Footnote *The limb should be held*
91
Describe arthrocentesis of the _femorotibial_ _joint (lateral approach)_
* Between: * Intermediate patellar ligament * Lateral/medial patellar ligament * 4-5cm above the tibial tuberosity * Horizontal needle direction ## Footnote *Slightly flexed joint*
92
Describe needle access of the _proximal digital flexor tendon sheet (Proximal approach)_
* Close to the antebrachiocarpal joint * 5cm proximal to the _accessory carpal bone_ * Between: * _Lateral digital extensor_ * _Ulnar carpal extensor_ ## Footnote *Effusion improves visualisation*
93
What is indicated in the image?
Galvayne's groove ## Footnote *Appears on I3 at 11 years of age*
94
Sesamoid bones
* 2 x proximal: Caudal surface of the fetlock joint * Distal sesamoid (navicular) bone: Dorsal surface in contact with distal surface of Ph2
95
Describe needle access of the distal digital flexor tendon sheet (Dorsal approach)
*The limb can be weight-bearing or extended whilst being held*
96
Cartilago ungulae
6 & 7 * Found on the palmar aspect of Ph3, on inner wall of the hoof
97
Is the IV injection sites
* Jugular vein * Cephalic vein * Deep/transverse facial veins
98
Anaesthetic injections to the shoulder joint may result in...
A suprascapular nerve block
99
M. extensor digitorum lateralis (Tendon, forelimb)
Between: * Common digital extensor muscle * Ulnar carpal extensor
100
Describe the _secondary_ nerve-block of the shoulder joint
* Locate the infraspinatus tendon * Block caudal from the tendon
101
Describe the nerve block of the _median nerve_
* Caudomedial aspect * Cranial to the origin of the _radial carpal flexor_ * Insertion of _superficial pectoral muscle_ (of radius) * 3-5cm deep * **Located next to the median artery + vein**
102
R. communicans (Btw. palmar nerves)
* Middle of the metacarpus * Passing over the superficial digital flexor
103
Describe arthrocentesis of the _lateral femorotibial joint_
* Caudal to the lateral patellar ligament * Just above the tibia ## Footnote *Weight-bearing limb*
104
Describe the nerve block of the _ulnar nerve_
* _10cm proximal_ to the _accessory carpal bone_ * _Caudal aspect_ * 1-1.5cm deep​ * Between: * _​​Radial carpal flexor_ * _Lateral carpal extensor_
105
Describe the needle access of the _fetlock joint (collateral_ _sesamoidean_ _approach)_
* Depression found between: * _Mc/Mt-III_ * _Lateral proximal sesamoid bone_ * Through lateral collateral ligament of the sesamoid bone ## Footnote * The limb should be held in order to increase space* * Best way to draw a blood-free sample*
106
M. flexor digitorum superficialis
Most caudal tendon ## Footnote *Both HL + FL*
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