Practicals

Question 1

How is an ear examined?

Answer 1

1. Lift up the pinna and identify the external auditory meatus/ear canal opening – gently, nurse holding
2. Gentle introduce otoscope tip into ear, lift pinna and you move with this movement

Question 2

What is the magnification used for distant direct examination using an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 2

Set at 0 magnification and look through and look for reflection and pupil – pick up any transparency in the transparent ocular media

Question 3

What is slit beam on an ophthalmoscope used for?

Answer 3

Slit beam used to assess the curvature of the cornea, depth or thickness of a structure. Slit beam is used to elicit the Purkinje samson images

Question 4

What is the grid on an ophthalmoscope used for?

Answer 4

Grid used to describe the extension and location of a lesion

Question 5

What is the blue cobalt filter on an ophthalmoscope used for?

Answer 5

To visualise corneal erosions and ulceration after fluorescein staining

Question 6

Why is liquid paraffin used in skin scrapes?

Answer 6

Place one drop of liquid paraffin in the centre of the microscope slide ready for the scraped material. Liquid paraffin acts as a mounting medium which helps to make the detection and identification of ectoparasites easier. Remember – liquid paraffin will also mark clothing so handle with care.

Question 7

How is the skin scraped for a sample?

Answer 7

Hold the blade at a 45° angle to the skin surface, with the point slightly up and the majority of the flat part of the blade in contact with the skin – this allows collection of plenty of skin debris. This also helps protect the animal from any accidental cuts during collection of the skin scrape or if the animal moves.

Question 8

When do you stop skin scraping?

Answer 8

Continue to scrape until there is a slight capillary ooze.

Be careful not to incise the skin. If there is a lot of blood in the sample it will be more difficult to examine.

Question 9

How is the image for a patient having TPLO radiographs centred?

Answer 9

• The cranial-caudal guideline is positioned long the long axis of the tibia.
• The proximal-distal guideline is placed in the middle of the tibia and perpendicular to this bone.

Question 10

How is the image for a patient having TPLO radiographs collimated?

Answer 10

• The cranial limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the skin margin
• The distal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the entire tarsus and a 3rd of the metatarsals
• The caudal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the skin margin
• The proximal limit of the primary beam is collimated to include the entire stifle and a 3rd of the femur

Question 11

What are the 5 ultrasound transducer movements?

Answer 11

Sliding
Tilting/fanning
Rotating
Rocking
Compression

Question 12

What are the normal parameters in sheep?

Answer 12

RR is 16-35bpm
HR is 70-80bpm
Rumen contraction rate is 1-2 per minute
Temperature is 38.3-39.9˚C

Question 13

How are sheep aged from dentition?

Answer 13

1st pair permanent incisors erupt = 1 year 3 months

2nd pair permanent incisors erupt = 1 year 9 months

3rd pair permanent incisors erupt = 2 year 3 months

4th pair permanent incisors erupt = 2 year 9 months

Question 14

Distinguish full and broken mouthed sheep.

Answer 14

Full mouthed = all 4 incisor pairs erupted

Broken mouthed = starting to loose front incisors. Look at size of animal, udder development

Question 15

How are intradermal sutures done?

Answer 15

1. Grab dermis for anchoring stich, something deeper near the top of the incision
2. In dermal layer and then out of junction between dermis and epidermis
3. At this junction, go back in and come out again at dermal-epidermal junction on one side
4. Go in at the other side at a slight step behind the other
5. Repeat
6. At the end, go out through apex of the incision, get another bite of the dermis like at the beginning in order to hide the knot
7. Put fingers through loop and grab free end and pull through the loop. 3 knots
8. Then pull needle through first and then tighten knot.
9. Hide knot

Question 16

How is a modified miler’s knot done?

Answer 16

1. Suture in non-dominant hand
2. Place over 2 length of tubing
3. Place forceps under tubing to grab end of suturing to bring under
4. Make a loop and tuck the suture underneath the thumb of non-dominant hand
5. Lay suture back down ready and do not let go in non-dominant hand
6. Needle holders under again for a second loop of suture
7. Bring short end over across two loops
8. Bring needle holders through loop to grab short end and pull through
9. Pull parallel
10. Constructing knot
11. To secure, put 4 more throws on top using single loop square throws

Question 17

How are cruciate sutures done?

Answer 17

1. Pass the needle through the tissue on the near side of the incision
2. Pull the suture through until the short end is approximately 3-4cm long.
3. Do not tie a knot or cut the suture at this point, but pass the needle through the tissue again, approximately 1cm away from the first part of the suture.
4. The needle and suture material should pass through the tissue perpendicular to the incision at all times.
5. Pull the suture through until the suture material lies flat
6. Tie a knot and do 4 throws
7. Cut the ends to approximately 1cm

Question 18

How long should you spent on 1 tooth when scaling?

Answer 18

After approximately 10 seconds move on to an adjacent tooth and then return to the previous tooth to complete the scaling.

Question 19

What is the function of a dental explorer?

Answer 19

Used to detect surface defect on teeth – caries, complicated crown fractures, pulp exposure, resorptive lesions

Question 20

What is the function of a periodontal probe?

Answer 20

• Used to probe gingiva to assess gum recession and gingival bleeding (probes have millimeter markings for depth)
• Can be used to assess furcational involvement in multi-rooted teeth (can you get your probe in between the roots?)
• Can assess tooth mobility

Question 21

What is the function of luxators?

Answer 21

To penetrate narrow periodontal ligament space and cut periodontal ligament fibres between tooth and alveolar bone

Question 22

What is the function of elevators?

Answer 22

Used to loosen teeth to be extracted

Question 23

What is the difference between luxators and elevators?

Answer 23

Traditionally these were two different instruments: luxators were thin instruments that were used to cut/break down the periodontal ligament. Elevators were thicker instruments used to lever/elevate the tooth out of the socket

Question 24

What is the function of extraction forceps?

Answer 24

• Used to remove teeth from socket
• Only applied when tooth is loose and ready to be removed

Question 25

What is the function of periosteal elevators?

Answer 25

Used to raise oral flaps

Question 26

How are periosteal elevators used?

Answer 26

- Should be held so that the concave side is against the alveolar bone - Convex side against the soft tissue - This reduces risk of damaging the soft tissue flap (which we need to suture closed after the extraction)

Question 27

How is a luxator used?

Answer 27

1. Insert the blade in the periodontal space, gently pushing towards the root tip 2. Gently rock the blade sideways into the periodontal space 3. Contour the blade around the periphery of the root and repeat steps 1 and 2

Question 28

How are elevators used?

Answer 28

- Apply gentle force over a period of 15-30 seconds - Do not wiggle the blader - Periodontal ligament needs time to stretch

Question 29

Which of these instruments is used to assess the level of gum recession?

Answer 29

Periodontal probe

Question 30

Which of these instruments is used to raise a mucogingival flap, elevating the gum from the underlying bone?

Answer 30

Periosteal elevator

Question 31

How should you hold a periosteal elevator?

Answer 31

Concave side against the alveolar bone

Question 32

What instruments will you need for performing a routine closed extraction of an incisor tooth?

Answer 32

Extraction forceps, luxator, elevator

Question 33

When using an elevator, you should apply gentle force with a single movement that is held in place, as opposed to multiple back and forth twisting movements. How many seconds do you need to hold still and apply the force for?

Answer 33

15-30 seconds

Question 34

Which instrument is used for hand scaling?

Answer 34

Curette

Question 35

How do you perform subgingival curettage/manual subgingival scaling?

Answer 35

1. Hold the curette blade angled so that the blunt bottom is in contact with the gingiva – minimise accidental trauma 2. Keeping in that position, slide the curette down to the bottom of the sulcus 3. At the bottom of the sulcus, adjust the angle so that the sharp/cutting edge of the curette is in contact with the root surface. 4. Pull upwards, maintain gentle pressure against the root, and plaque/calculus/debris should be removed with your upward stroke 5. Repeat moving all the way around the accessible root surfaces

Question 36

Which indices are used when filling in a dental chart?

Answer 36

Gingivitis index Calculus index Mobility Periodontal index

Question 37

Give the gingivitis index.

Answer 37

G0= normal gums G1= mild reddening and swelling but no bleeding when probed G2= moderate inflammation and swelling and bleeding when probed G3= significant swelling and inflammation. Will bleed spontaneously and may be ulcerated

Question 38

Give the calculus index.

Answer 38

C0 = none C1 = 0-25% coverage of the tooth C2 = 25-75% C3 = 75-100% Grade the mouth on the worst tooth

Question 39

Give the mobility index.

Answer 39

M0 = none M1 = < 1mm horizontal (single rooted) M2 = > 1mm horizontal (single rooted) <1mm horizontal multiple rooted M3 = vertical and horizontal (single rooted) > 1mm horizontal (multiple rooted)

Question 40

Give the periodontal index.

Answer 40

0 = no attachment loss 1 = up to 25% attachment loss 2 = 25-50% attachment loss 3 = more than 50% attachment loss Attachment loss % is compared to tooth root length

Question 41

What angle is the scalpel held at in dentistry?

Answer 41

Have at 15 degree angel to land at marginal bone and not parallel to the teeth

Question 42

Briefly outline the steps to a bitch spay.

Answer 42

1. Make a midline incision 2. Locate the uterine horn 3. Break the suspensory ligament 4. Place 3 large haemostats across ovarian pedicle 5. Ligate the ovarian blood vessels 6. Transect the ovarian pedicle 7. Repeat this process for the second ovary 8. Locate and clamp the cervix by placing 3 large haemostats across the uterine body, cranial to the cervix and caudal to the bifurcation 9. Ligate the cervix 10. Transect the cervix