Practice Flashcards

Question

What is sodium Lauryl Sulfate?

Answer 1

Surfactant and detergent Partly water soluble and partly oil soluble this allows the water and oil to become mixed Used in emollients for its thickening and emulsifying properties Can be drying and may cause irritation

Answer 2

Wash and dry hands and affected area Maybe use a spatula to reduce microbial contamination or give a pump dispenser Apply as frequently as possible and especially after bathing Avoid bubble baths Use as a soap substitute- either apply when wet or dry then wash off Apply in the direction of the growing body hair

Answer 3

500-1000g per week | Half for a child

Answer 4

Elderly and young children due to bath becoming slippery

Answer 5

An unwanted or harmful reaction that occurs after administration of a drug and is suspected or known to be to due to the drug

Answer 6

adverse effect on patients quality of life Can cause patients to lose trust Increased cost of patient care Lengthen hospital stays May mimic disease, causing unnecessary investigations

Answer 7

``` Predictable Does related Morbidity high Mortality low Usually stops when the drug is withdrawn ```

Answer 8

Bleeding from warfarin | Antimuscarinic side effects from TCAs

Answer 9

``` SLUMBAG Salivation, secretions, sweating (lack of) Lacrimation (lack of) Urinary retention Miosis Bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, bowel movement Abdominal cramps, anorexia GI upset ```

Answer 10

unpredictable Rare Often severe

Answer 11

anaphylaxis from antibiotics | Agranulocytosis from clozapine, carbimazole and carbamazepine

Answer 12

Continuous

Answer 13

when the patient has been taking for a long time | Need to assess benefits vs risks of continuing treatment

Answer 14

osteonecrosis of the jaw with bisphosphonates

Answer 15

It can happen after the course of medication has been completed

Answer 16

Tendon rupture with ciprofloxacin

Answer 17

end of use

Answer 18

withdrawal symptoms

Answer 19

Benzodiazepine withdrawal

Answer 20

``` Elderly Renal impairment Hepatic impairment Children Pregnancy Breast-feeding Women (due pharmacokinetics, immunology and hormones) ```

Answer 21

More than 1 in 10

Answer 22

1-10 to 1-100

Answer 23

1 in 100 to 1 in 1000

Answer 24

1 in 1000 to 1 in 10,000

Answer 25

less than 1 in 10,000

Answer 26

frequency is not defined by product literature, or the side effect has been reported from post-marketing surveillance data

Answer 27

``` NSAIDs Diuretics Warfarin ACE inhibitors/ AII antagonists Antidepressants Beta-blockers Opiates Digoxin Prednisolone Clopidogrel ```

Answer 28

``` GI bleeding Poetic ulceration Haemorrhagic cerebrovascular event Renal impairment Wheezing Rash ```

Answer 29

Renal impairment Hypotension Electrolyte disturbance Gout

Answer 30

GI bleeding Haematuria High INR Haematoma

Answer 31

Renal impairment Hypotension Electrolyte disturbance Angioedema

Answer 32

``` Confusion Hypotension Constipation GI bleeds Hyponatremia ```

Answer 33

Bradycardia Heart block Hypotension Wheezing

Answer 34

Constipation Vomiting Confusion Urinary retention

Answer 35

Symptomatic toxic levels

Answer 36

Gastritis GI bleeding Hyperglycaemia Osteoporotic fracture

Answer 37

GI bleeding

Answer 38

Serious reactions from established drugs | All reactions from new drugs

Answer 39

Monitoring the use of medicines in everyday practice to identity ADRs Assessing risks and benefits of medications Providing information to healthcare professions to optimise safety Monitoring the effect of any action taken

Answer 40

``` benzodiazepines Antidepressants Sedatives Antipsychotics Anticonvulsants Anticholinergics Opioids Antihypertensives ```

Answer 41

those with a narrow therapeutic index

Answer 42

when the effect of one drug is changed by the presence of another drug, food, drink or an environmental chemical agent

Answer 43

interference with drug effects of receptor Interference with a physiological control process Additive or opposing physiological effects

Answer 44

increased stimulation of serotonin receptors through increased release, reduced reuptake of serotonin and increased stimulation of receptors

Answer 45

``` mental status changes GI disturbances Agitation Confusion Hallucinations Hyperthermia Tremor ```

Answer 46

``` Ondansetron Triptans SSRIs Mirtazapine Fentanyl Tramadol Cocaine St. Johns wort Legal highs ```

Answer 47

When the presence of one drug increased or decreased the concentration of another More difficult to predict All ADME

Answer 48

Formation of insoluble complexes | Enhanced absorption

Answer 49

Alendronic acid has decreased bioavailability when taken with calcium Rivaroxaban had increased absorption when taken with food

Answer 50

drugs that compete for the same transport proteins | Inhibition of efflux transporters

Answer 51

Verapamil affects P-gp efflux pumps, so less digoxin is transported back out. Increasing digoxin concentrations Phenytoin and valproate compete for the same protein binding site, usually displacing phenytoin

Answer 52

``` warfarin Contraceptive pill Theophylline Corticosteroids Tricyclics Pethidine Statins ```

Answer 53

Reduce the concentration of drugs that are metabolised by CYPs

Answer 54

``` CRAPGPS Carbamazepine Rifampin Alcohol Phenytoin Griseofulvin Phenobarbital Sulphonylureas ```

Answer 55

increase the concentration of drugs that are metabolism by CYPs

Answer 56

``` SICKFACESCOM Sodium valproate Isoniazid Cimetidine Ketoconazole Fluconazole Alcohol and grapefruit juice Chloramphenicol Erythromycin Sulfonamides Ciprofloxacin Omeprazole Metronidazole ```

Answer 57

cranberry juice inhibits CYP2C9, which breaks warfarin down, leading to increased levels of warfarin Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP3A4, which breaks down statins leading to increased exposure. This can lead to rhabdomyolysis

Answer 58

paracetamol is usually conjugated with glutathione to form a non-toxic metabolite Once this is used up, paracetamol can conjugate with other compounds to produce toxic metabolites

Answer 59

It can be objectively observed by the healthcare professional

Answer 60

What is observed by the patient and cannot be directly measured

Answer 61

the area of biomedical science that is concerned with the analysis of body specimens

Answer 62

``` urine Blood Tissues Cells DNA RNA Proteins ```

Answer 63

``` Microbiology Virology Haematology Coagulation Clinical biochemistry Toxicology Immunology/serology Immunohaematology Urinalysis Histopathology Cytopathology Electron microscopy Genetics TFTs Lipid profile ```

Answer 64

``` in vivo In vitro (interference with analytical procedure) ```

Answer 65

such as raised LFTs or other tests due to drug side effects

Answer 66

Alteration of chemical reactions, cause of turbidity in the reaction system, interference with enzyme reactions, cross-reaction with antibodies, radioactive interference

Answer 67

1) Should be available at all times during hospital stay 2) Every page should have name, identification number and hospital location 3) Standardised structure and layout 4) Documentation should reflect continuum of care (chronological) 5) Standardised proforma to document admission, handover and discharge 6) Every entry dated, timed (24hr clock), legible with name signed and printed. Alterations should be countersigned 7) Entries made as soon as possible 8) Should identify most senior professional present and consultant 9) Agreed transfer of care if consultant changes 10) Entry should be made everytime doctor sees patient. If no entry for 4 days (acute) or 7 days (long-stay) the next entry should explain why 11) Discharge summary should be commenced when patient is admitted 12) Clearly record advanced decisions such as refusing treatment, DNAR, consent

Answer 68

Noises used to measure blood pressure manually. It is when the blood pressure cuff changes the flow of blood through the artery

Answer 69

National Early Warning Score

Answer 70

``` Respiratory rate Oxygen saturations (including if any supplementary oxygen) Temperature Systolic blood pressure Heart rate Consciousness ```

Practice Flashcards

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