which macronutrient should typically comprise the majority of food intake?
-carbohydrates
-fats
-proteins
-vitamins
-minerals
carbohydrates
T/F- water soluble vitamins can be stored in the body, + when compared to fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins are less likely to be deficient, but more likely to be toxic
false
the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood is typically
-1.5%
-98.5%
-10%
-30%
-60%
1.5%
during a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. during exhalation, which would NOT be true?
-alveloar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
-intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure
-intrapleural pressure becomes less negative
-the diaphragm relaxes
-lung volume decreases
intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure
the volume of air flowing into the alveoli during inhalation/inspiration is increased when there is an increase in which of these?
-airway resistance
-the pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
-the pressure in the intrapleural space
-the curvature of the diaphragm
-the volume of air in the intrapleural space
the pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli
which of the following statements regarding pulmonary surfactant is TRUE?
-it is secreted by type I alveolar cells
-it increases the compliance of the lungs
-it increases airway resistance
-it is secreted into the intrapleural space
-it can only interact with other lipid molecules
it increases the compliance of the lungs
a decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?
-pH will decrease
-pH will increase
-no change to pH is expected in this circumstance
-itis impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decrease
pH will increase
during a run, your gastrocnemius muscle has a temperature of 38.5 degrees celcius, while your biceps brachii muscle has a temperature of 37.5 degrees celcius. which of the following is TRUE of the red blood cells as they pass by these muscles?
-the hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locaions
-the hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius
-the hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii
-the hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius
the hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius
you find a friend in the midst of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. you’re unable to calm them down, so you call an ambulance. when your friend arrives at the ER, which of the following is the likely diagnosis?
-respiratory alkalosis
-respiratory acidosis
-increased blood PCO2
-metabolic acidosis
-metabolic alkalosis.
repiratory alkalosis
carbonic anydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following
-H2O + O2
-H2O + CO2
-H2O + CO
-H+ + HCO3-
-CO2 + O2
H2O + CO2
T/F- according to Boyle’s law, the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. therefore, increasing the volume of the container will cause a decrease in its pressure
true
T/F- non-respiratory functions of the lungs include acting as “filters” for removing certain chemicals + blood clots
true
the amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ____ plus the amount that is ____ minus the amount that is ____
-flitered; reabsorbed; secreted
-reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
-secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
-filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
-reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
which correctly describes a basic renal process?
-fluid is filtered from bowman’s capsule into the glomerulus
-substances are secreted from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries
-substances are reabsorbed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen
-substances are actively secreted from glomerular capillaries into bowman’s capsule
-fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into bowman’s space
fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into bowman’s space
which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?
-kidneys
-adrenal glands
-systemic + pulmonary blood vessels
-liver
-the atria of the heart
adrenal glands
what correctly describes renin?
-it is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles
-its secretion is enhanced by high levels of Na+ in the macula densa
-its secreted by the liver in response to low blood pressure
-it acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion
it is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles
recalling the point at which ATP is hydrolyzed during muscle cross-bridge cycling (muscle contractions), why is muscle cellular ATP maintained relatively constant:
-because if ATP falls too low it would cause ADP to escalate to toxic levels
-because if ATP falls too low it would cause muscle to get stuck with the cross-bridges attached
-because doing so helps maintain PCr levels;
-because doing so keeps temperature from increasing
-because ATP is needed to generate the electrochemical gradient in mitochondria
because if ATP falls too low it would cause muscle to get stuck with the cross-bridges attached
which of the following is not a chronic response to maintain ionic gradients in the cell:
-selective excretion and resorption of ions in the urine by the kidney;
-osmoreceptor-induced increase in drive for thirst
-increased SERCA activity
-increased vasopressin secretion
-selective excretion + resorption of ions in the sweat
increased SERCA activity
T/F- when comparing species across a range of sizes + aerobic capacities, mitochondrial respiration at VO2max is largely constant
true
which of the following statements regarding phagocytosis is TRUE?
-macrophages are the only phagocytes in human tissues
-the microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by lysosomal enzymes
-phagocytosis is controlled by negative feedback mechanism whereby phagocytes release chemicals that inhibit further phagocytosis
-antibodies found inside lysosomes attack + kill microbes that are engulfed by phagocytosis
the microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by lysosomal enzymes
cytotoxic T cells
-are converted to plasma cells when activated by MHC proteins
-require class 1 MHC proteins to recognize foreign antigens
-are activated by interleukin 1
-all of the above
require class 1 MHC proteins to recognize foreign antigens
which is typically present in a person with type O blood?
-erythrocytes carrying type A antigen
-erythrocytes carrying type B antigen
-both anti-A + anti-B antibodies in the plasma
-erythrocytes with both type A antigen + type B antigen
-plasma that has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
both anti-A + anti-B antibodies in the plasma
which of the following is a type of lymphocyte?
-erythrocytes
-monocytes
-macrophages
-B cells
B cells
T/F- the consequence of inflammation is increased permeability to proteins + edema, which causes swelling + pain
true
-
Respiratory System156
-
TA Review- Respiratory System36
-
Renal System188
-
TA Review- Renal System28
-
Nutrition102
-
TA Review- Nutrition23
-
Integrative Physiology + Exercise Homeostasis74
-
TA Review- Integrative Physiology + Exercise Homeostasis17
-
Immune System105
-
TA Review- Immune System22
-
Exam Review Lecture43
-
Practice Final Exam24
