Short wave
Pregnant Copper IUDs Other patients near the device 10 ft distance Other EPA devices 10 ft distance Mentally confused
Cold laser
Infection Testes Sympathetic ganglia, vagus nerve, cardiac region in those with heart disease Open growth plates Bruises Photosensitive skin
Thermotherapy
Impaired circulation Over wounds Serve cardiac insufficiency Over superficial metal implants May cause decreased motor skill and reaction time Can increase fever
Cryotherapy
Impaired circulation Thoracic area in pts with coronary artery disease Hypertensive patients Cardiovascular and cardio respiratory disorders Superficial peripheral nerves Hemiplegic Very young and very old Obesity
Traction
Pain exacerbation History of spinal surgery Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Hypertension and respiratory disorders Dentures TMD
Ultra sound
Bony prominences
Epiphyseal plate