1
Q
refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing, and interpreting information. It is a general field in mathematics that consists of facts and figures
A
Statistics
2
Q
shortened version of statistical methods or statistical procedures.
A
Statistics
3
Q
the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study.
can vary in size
A
Population
4
Q
set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study.
A
Sample
5
Q
A sampling method everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
A
Random Sample
6
Q
A characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals. It represents characteristics that differ from one individual to another, such as weight, gender identity, personality, or motivation and behavior.
A
Variable
7
Q
It is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or raw score.
The measurement obtained for each individual
A
datum
8
Q
It is a collection of measurements or observations.
The complete set of scores
A
data set
9
Q
are measurements or observations
A
Data
10
Q
It is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. It is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population.
average score for population
A
Parameter
11
Q
It is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. It is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample.
A
Statistic
12
Q
Are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.
A
Descriptive statistics
13
Q
consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected.
A
Inferential Statistics
14
Q
the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.
A
Sampling error
15
Q
The roles of descriptive vs inferential statistics
A
Descriptive: Organize and Simplify
Inferential: Interpret the Results
16
Q
EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
- A researcher is interested in the Netflix binge-watching habits of American college students. A group of 50 students is interviewed and the researcher finds that these students stream an average of 6.7 hours per week. For this study, the average of 6.7 hours is an example of?
a. parameter
b. statistic
c. population
d. sample
A
b. statistic
17
Q
EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
- Researchers are interested in how robins in New York State care for their newly hatched chicks. The team measures how many times per day the adults visit their nests to feed their young. The entire group of robins in the state is an example of?
a. sample
b. statistic
c. population
d. parameter
A
c. population
18
Q
EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
- Statistical techniques that use sample data to draw conclusions about the population are?
a. population statistics
b. sample statistics
c. descriptive statistics
d. inferential statistics
A
d. inferential statistics
19
Q
EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
- The SAT is standardized so that the population average score on the verbal test is 500 each year. In a sample of 100 graduating seniors who have taken the verbal SAT, what value would you expect to obtain for their average verbal SAT score?
a. 500
b. Greater than 500
c. Less than 500
d. Around 500 but probably not equal to 500
A
d. Around 500 but probably not equal to 500
20
Q
Science is based on observation rather than intuition or conjecture. Which means Science is?
A
Empirical
21
Q
They are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior.
A
Constructs
22
Q
It identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct. Note that it has two components. First, it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct. Second, it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements.
A
operational definition
23
Q
It consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist between two neighboring categories.
whole and countable numbers
A
discrete variable
24
Q
there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. It is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts.
A
continuous variable
25
the **boundaries of intervals** for scores that are represented on a continuous number line. It is the separating two adjacent scores is located exactly halfway between the scores. Each score has two real limits.
Real limits
26
the top of the interval
upper real limit
27
the bottom of the interval
lower real limit
28
consists of a **set of categories that have different names**. Measurements on this labels and categorize observations, but do not make any quantitative distinctions between observations.
nominal scale
29
consists of a set of categories that are **organized in an ordered sequence**. Measurements on it ranks observations in terms of size or magnitude.
ordinal scale
30
consists of ordered categories that are all **intervals of exactly the same size**. Equal differences between numbers on a scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on it is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured.
interval scale
31
an interval scale with the **additional feature of an absolute zero point**. In it, ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude.
ratio scale
32
# EXAMPLE CATEGORY
Country of athlete (U.S., U.K., Ethiopia, Japan, Kenya, etc.)
Nominal
33
# EXAMPLE CATEGORY
Finishing position in a race (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)
Ordinal
34
# EXAMPLE CATEGORY
Time difference (above or below) from the course record, an arbitrary zero point (Example: a per- son who finishes the Boston Marathon 4 minutes slower than the course record takes 3 minutes longer to finish the race than a person who was 1 minute slower than the course record, but does not take four times longer.)
Interval
35
# EXAMPLE CATEGORY
Amount of time to complete a marathon (Example: a person who finishes the Boston Marathon in 4 hours, 30 minutes takes 2 times longer than one who finishes in 2 hours, 15 minutes.)
Ratio
36
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
5. An operational definition is used to _____ a hypothetical construct.
a. define
b. measure
c. measure and define
d. None of the other choices is correct.
c. measure and define
37
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
6. A researcher studies the factors that determine the length of time a consumer stays on a website before clicking off. The variable, length of time, is an example of a ______variable.
a. discrete
b. continuous
c. nominal
d. ordinal
b. continuous
38
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
7. A researcher records the number of bites a goat takes of different plants. The variable, number of bites, is an example of a _______variable.
a. discrete
b. continuous
c. nominal
d. ordinal
a. discrete
39
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
8. When measuring height to the nearest inch, what are the real limits for a score of 68.0 inches?
a. 67 and 69
b. 67.5 and 68.5
c. 67.75 and 68.75
d. 67.75 and 68.25
b. 67.5 and 68.5
40
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
9. The professor in a communications class asks students to identify their favorite reality television show. The different television shows make up a______scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
a. nominal
41
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
10. Ranking jobs, taking into account growth potential, work-life balance, and salary, would be an example of measurement on a(n) ____________ scale.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
b. ordinal
42
involves **measuring one or more separate variables** for each individual with the intent of simply **describing** the individual variables.
Descriptive research or the descriptive research strategy
43
**two different variables** are observed to determine whether there is a **relationship** between them.
correlational method
44
one variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a **cause-and-effect relationship** between the **two variables**, it attempts to control all other variables to prevent them from influencing the results.
Experimental method
45
2 characteristics of experimental method
1. manipulation
2. control
46
does *not* permit a cause-and effect explanation. They do not have the rigor of true experiments and cannot produce cause-and-effect explanations.
Non-experimental method/study
47
characteristics of variable such as lighting, time of day, and weather conditions.
environmental variables
48
These are variable characteristics such as age, gender, motivation, and personality that vary from one individual to another.
participant variables
49
The individuals in a research study differ on a variety of participant variables such as age, weight, skills, motivation, and personality. The differences from one participant to another are known as?
individual differences.
50
the variable that is **manipulated** by the researcher. In behavioral research, this variable usually consists of the two (or more) treatment conditions to which subjects are exposed.
independent variable
51
the one that is **observed** to assess the effect of the treatment. This variable that is **measured** in the experiment and its value changes in a way that **depends** on the status of another variable.
dependent variable
52
Individuals in this condition **do not receive the experimental treatment**. Instead, they either receive no treatment or they receive a neutral, placebo treatment. The purpose of a control condition is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition.
control condition
53
Individuals in this condition **do receive the experimental treatment.**
experimental condition
54
In a nonexperimental study, the “independent variable” that is used to create the different groups of scores is often called?
quasi-independent variable.
55
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
11. Which of the following is most likely to be a purely correlational study?
a. One variable and one group
b. One variable and two groups
c. Two variables and one group
d. Two variables and two groups
c. Two variables and one group
56
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
12. A research study comparing alcohol use for college students in the United States and Canada reports that more Canadian students drink but American students drink more (Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, & Wechsler, 2002). What research design did this study use?
a. Correlational
b. Experimental
c. Nonexperimental
d. Noncorrelational
c. Non experimental
57
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
13. Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston (2009) found that participants were able to tolerate more pain when they shouted their favorite swear words over and over than when they shouted neutral words. For this study, what is the independent variable?
a. The amount of pain tolerated
b. The participants who shouted swear words
c. The participants who shouted neutral words
d. The kind of word shouted by the participants
d. The kind of word shouted by the participants
58
The letter ____ is used to represent scores for a variable. If a second variable is used, ____ represents its scores.
X and Y
59
The letter _____ is used as the symbol for the number of scores in a population; _____ is the symbol for a number of scores in a sample.
N and n
60
The Greek letter___ used to stand for summation.
sigma (o)
61
the expression____ is read “the sum of the scores.”
oX
62
is a mathematical operation (like addition or multiplication) and must be performed in its proper place in the order of operations; It occurs after parentheses, exponents, and multiplying/dividing have been completed.
Summation
63
uses the passage of time (before/after) to create the groups of scores.
pre–post study
64
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
14. What value is represented by the lowercase letter n?
a. The number of scores in a population
b. The number of scores in a sample
c. The number of values to be added in a summation problem
d. The number of steps in a summation problem
b. The number of scores in a sample
65
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
15. What is the value of ∑(X 2 2) for the following scores: 6, 2, 4, 2?
a. 12
b. 10
c. 8
d. 6
d. 6
66
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 1
16. What is the first step in the calculation of (∑ X)^2?
a. Square each score.
b. Add the scores.
c. Subtract 2 points from each score.
d. Add the X 2 2 values.
b. Add the scores
67
an **organized tabulation of the number** of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement.
##Footnote
see “at a glance” the entire set of scores
frequency distribution
68
measures the **fraction of the total** group that is associated with each score.
Proportion
69
proportions describe the frequency (f ) in relation to the total number (N), they
often are called?
relative frequencies
70
It defines the **particular score percentage** of individuals in the distribution with *scores at or below the particular value*.
percentile rank
71
When a score is identified by its percentile rank, the score is called?
percentile
72
The **resulting values** are called ______ because they show the percentage of individuals who are *accumulated as you move up the scale.*
cumulative percentages (c%)
73
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
1. If the following scores are placed in a frequency distribution table, then what is the frequency value corresponding to X=3?
Scores: 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 1
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
d. 4
74
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
2. For the following distribution that reports the number of smiles displayed by a childcare worker to a baby in a 20-minute time frame, how many smiles were observed?
X. F
5. 6
4. 5
3. 5
2. 3
1 2
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 21
d. 21
75
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
3. For the following frequency distribution, what is the value of
∑ X^2?
X. F
5. 1
4. 0
3. 2
2. 1
1. 3
a. 50
b. 55
c. 74
d. 225
a. 50
76
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
4. In a distribution of exam scores, which of the following would be the highest score?
a. The 20th percentile.
b. The 80th percentile.
c. A score with a percentile rank of 15%.
d. A score with a percentile rank of 75%.
b. The 80th percentile.
77
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
5. Following are three rows from a frequency distribution table. For this distribution, what is the 90th percentile?
X F
30-34. 100%
25-29. 90%
20-24. 60%
a. X=24.5
b. X= 25
c. X=29
d. X=29.5
d. X=29.5
78
The groups, or intervals in Frequency distribution table, are called
class intervals
79
GUIDELINES IN Grouped Frequency Distribution Tables
1. The grouped frequency distribution table should have about **10 class intervals**.
2. The width of each interval should be a **relatively simple number**.
3. The bottom score in each class interval should be a **multiple of the width**.
4. **All intervals should be the same width**. They should cover the range of scores completely with no gaps and no overlaps
80
values that appears that they form the upper and lower boundaries for the class interval
apparent limits
81
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
6. A set of scores ranges from a high of X=86 to a low of X=17. If these scores are placed in a grouped frequency distribution table with an interval width of 10 points, the top interval in the table would be ____.
a. 80–89
b. 80–90
c. 81–90
d. 77–86
a. 80-89
82
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
7. What is the highest score in the following distribution?
X. f
24–25 2
22–23 4
20–21 6
18–19 3
16–17 1
a. X= 16
b. X= 17
c. X= 1
d. Cannot be determined
d. Cannot be determined
83
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
8. Which of the following statements is false regarding grouped frequency distribution tables?
a. An interval width should be used that yields about 10 intervals.
b. Intervals are listed in descending order, starting with the highest value at the top of the X column.
c. The bottom score for each interval is a multiple of the interval width.
d. The value for N can be determined by counting the number of intervals in the X column.
d. The value for N can be determined by counting the number of intervals in the X column.
84
For interval or ratio scales, the two types of graphs are called
Histograms and Polygons
85
It is a slight modification to the traditional histogram produces an easily drawn and simple to understand sketch of a frequency distribution.
Informal Histogram
86
The **second option** for graphing a distribution of numerical scores from an interval or ratio scale of measurement is called?
Polygon
87
essentially the same as a histogram, except that spaces are
left between adjacent bars.
Bar Graph
88
Used when samples are so large that reporting absolute frequencies does not sufficiently simplify the data.
Relative frequencies
89
When a population consists of numerical scores from an interval or a ratio scale, it is customary to draw the distribution with a ______ instead of the jagged, step-wise shapes that occur with histograms and polygons.
smooth curve
90
a symmetrical distribution
normal distribution
91
It defines that it is possible to draw a vertical line through the middle so that one side of the distribution is a **mirror image of the other**
symmetrical distribution
92
the scores tend to **pile up toward one end** of the scale and **taper off** gradually at the other end
skewed distribution
93
The section where the scores **taper off toward one end** of a distribution is called?
tail of the distribution
94
A skewed distribution with the tail on the **right-hand side** is ______ because the tail points toward the positive (above-zero) end of the X-axis. If the tail points to the **left**, the distribution is ________
positively skewed and negatively skewed
95
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
9. Which of the following measurement scales are displayed by frequency distribution polygons?
a. Either interval or ratio scales.
b. Only ratio scales.
c. Either nominal or ordinal scales. d. Only nominal scales.
a. Either interval or ratio scales.
96
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
10. A group of quiz scores is shown in a histogram. If the bars in the histogram gradually increase in height from left to right, what can you conclude about the set of quiz scores?
a. There are more high scores than there are low scores.
b. There are more low scores than there are high scores.
c. The height of the bars always decreases as the scores increase. d. None of the above.
a. There are more high scores than there are low scores.
97
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
11. Instead of showing the actual number of individuals in each category, a population frequency distribution graph usually shows a(n)_________.
a. estimated frequency
b. grouped frequency
c. relative frequency
d. hypothetical frequency
c. relative frequency
98
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
12. In a distribution with negative skew, where are the scores with the highest frequencies located?
a. On the right side of the distribution.
b. On the left side of the distribution.
c. In the middle of the distribution.
d. Represented at two distinct peaks.
a. On the right side of the distribution.
99
In 1977, J. W. Tukey presented a technique for organizing data that provides a **simple alternative to a grouped frequency distribution** table or graph called?
stem and leaf
100
The first digit (or digits) is called the _____, and the last digit is called the ______.
stem- class intervals
leaf- frequency
101
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
13. For the scores shown in the following stem and leaf display, what is the lowest score in the distribution?
9 374
8 945
7 7042
6 68
5. 14
a. 7
b. 15
c. 50
d. 51
d. 51
102
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 2
For the scores shown in the following stem and leaf display, how many people had scores in the 70s?
9 374
8 945
7 7042
6 68
5 14
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
d. 4
103
A statistical measure to determine a **single score that defines the center of a distribution**. The goal of it is to find the single score that is most typical or most **representative of the entire group.**
Central tendency
**main measures: mean, median, mode**
104
It is the **arithmetic average** where in a distribution, it is the **sum of the scores divided by the number** of scores.
Mean
105
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
1. A population of N=5 scores has a mean of m=12. What is ∑ X for this sample?
a. 12/5= 2.40
b. 5/12 =0.417
c. 5(12)= 60
d. Cannot be determined from the information given.
c. 5(12)= 60
106
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
2. A sample has a mean of M=72. If one person with a score of X=98 is removed from the sample, what effect will it have on the sample mean?
a. The sample mean will increase.
b. The sample mean will decrease.
c. The sample mean will remain the same.
d. Cannot be determined from the information given.
b. The sample mean will decrease
107
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
3. One sample of n=4 scores has a mean of M=10, and a second sample of n=10 scores has a mean of M=20. If the two samples are combined, then what value will be obtained for the mean of the combined sample?
a. Equal to 15
b. Greater than 15 but less than 20
c. Less than 15 but more than 10
d. None of the other choices is correct.
b. Greater than 15 but less than 20
108
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
4. For the following frequency distribution table, what are the values for ∑ X and n?
X. f
4 1
3. 2
2. 3
1. 4
a. 20; 4
b. 10; 10
c. 20; 10
d. 10; 2.0
c. 20; 10
109
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
5. A population of N=10 scores has a mean of 30. If every score in the distribution is multiplied by 3, then what is the value of the new mean?
a. Still 30
b. 33
c. 60
d. 90
d. 90
110
It is the **midpoint of the list**. More specifically, it is the point on the measurement scale below which 50% of the scores in the distribution are located.
Median
111
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
6. What is the median for the following set of scores?
Scores: 1, 6, 8, 19
a. 6
b. 6.5
c. 7
d. 7.5
c. 7
112
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
7. What is the median for the sample presented in the following frequency distribution table?
X. f
4. 1
3. 2
2. 2
1. 3
a. 1.5
b. 2.0
c. 2.5
d. 3.0
b. 2.0
113
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
8. Find the precise median for the following scores measuring a continuous variable.
Scores: 1, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8
a. 5
b. 5.17
c. 5.67
d. 6
b. 5.17
114
In a frequency distribution, the _____ is the score or category that has the **greatest frequency.**
##Footnote
“customary fashion”
“a popular style”
mode
115
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
9. For the sample shown in the frequency distribution table, what is the mode?
X. f
5. 1
4. 4
3. 3
2. 4
1. 5
a. 4
b. 2
c. 2.5
d. 1
d. 1
116
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
10. If the mean, median, and mode are all computed for a distribution of scores, which of the following statements cannot be true?
a. No one had a score equal to the mean.
b. No one had a score equal to the median.
c. No one had a score equal to the mode.
d. All of the other three statements cannot be true.
c. No one had a score equal to the mode.
117
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
11. What is the mode for the following set of n=8 scores?
Scores: 2, 4, 4, 5, 7, 8, 8, 8
a. 4
b. 5
c. 5.5
d. 8
d. 8
118
For symmetrical distributions, the **mean will ____ the median**. If there is only **one mode**, then it will have the **same value**, too.
equal
119
skewed distributions, the mode is located ____ where the scores pile up, and the mean is pulled _____ the extreme scores in the tail. The median is usually located ______ these two values.
toward the side
toward
between
120
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
12. For a distribution of scores, the mean is equal to the median. What is the most likely shape of this distribution?
a. Symmetrical
b. Positively skewed
c. Negatively skewed
d. Impossible to determine the shape
a. Symmetrical
121
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
13. For a positively skewed distribution with a mode of X=20 and a median of X=25, what is the most likely value for the mean?
a. Greater than 25
b. Less than 20
c. Between 20 and 25
d. Cannot be determined from the information given
a. Greater than 25
122
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
14. For a positively skewed distribution, what is the most probable order for the three measures of central tendency from smallest to largest?
a. Mean, median, mode
b. Mean, mode, median
c. Mode, mean, median
d. Mode, median, mean
d. Mode, median, mean
123
A distribution is said to be ____ when there is no upper limit (or lower limit) for one of the categories.
open-ended distribution
124
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
15. A researcher is measuring problem-solving times for a sample of n=20 laboratory rats. However, one of the rats fails to solve the problem so the researcher has an undetermined score. What is the best measure of central tendency for these data?
a. The mean
b. The median
c. The mode
d. Central tendency cannot be determined for these data.
b. median
125
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
16. What is the best measure of central tendency for an extremely skewed distribution of scores?
a. The mean
b. The median
c. The mode
d. Central tendency cannot be determined for a skewed distribution.
b. median
126
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 3
17. One item on a questionnaire asks students to identify their preferred animal for the school mascot from three different choices. What is the best measure of central tendency for the data from this question?
a. The mean
b. The median
c. The mode
d. Central tendency cannot be determined for these data.
c. mode
127
It provides a quantitative **measure of the differences between scores** in a distribution and describes the **degree** to which the scores are **spread out** or clustered together.
Variability
128
the **distance** covered by the scores in a distribution, from the *smallest to the largest score.*
range
129
the scores having **percentile ranks** of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, which are **termed** the first, second, third, and fourth, respectively. It divides the distribution into four equal parts such that each section corresponds to 25% of the distribution.
Quartile
130
the **distance** between the X values that correspond to the first **(Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles**. It reflects the range for the scores that fall in the middle 50% of the distribution.
##Footnote
used when measuring central tendency with the median.
IQR- Interquartile Range
131
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
1. Which of the following is a consequence of increasing variability?
a.The distance from one score to another tends to increase and a single score tends to provide a more accurate representation of the entire distribution.
b. The distance from one score to another tends to increase and a single score tends to provide a less accurate representation of the entire distribution.
c. The distance from one score to another tends to decrease and a single score tends to provide a more accurate representation of the entire distribution.
d. The distance from one score to another tends to decrease and a single score tends to provide a less accurate representation of the entire distribution.
b. The distance from one score to another tends to increase and a single score tends to provide a less accurate representation of the entire distribution.
132
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
2. What is the range for the following set of scores?
Scores: 5, 7, 9, 15
a. 4 points
b. 5 points
c. 10 or 11 points
d. 15 points
c. 10 or 11 points
133
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
3. For the following scores, which of the following actions will increase the range?
Scores: 3, 7, 10, 15
a. Add 4 points to the score X=3
b. Add 4 points to the score X=7
c. Add 4 points to the score X=10
d. Add 4 points to the score X=15
d. Add 4 points to the score X=15
134
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
4. For the following scores, find the interquartile range.
Scores: 3, 4, 4, 1, 7, 3, 2, 6, 4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5, 2, 5, 4, 3, 4
a. 7
b. 2
c. 3.5
d. 1
b. 2
135
the **difference** between a **score and the mean**
deviation or deviation score
136
equals the **mean of the squared deviations**. It is the **average squared distance** from the mean.
Variance
137
the **square root of the variance** and provides a measure of the standard, or **average distance from the mean**.
Standard deviation
138
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
5. Which of the following sets of scores has the largest variance?
a. 1, 3, 8, 12
b. 12, 13, 14, 15
c. 2, 2, 2, 2
d. 22, 24, 25, 27
a. 1, 3, 8, 12
139
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
6. What is the variance for the following set of scores?
Scores: 4, 1, 7
a. 66/3 or 22
b. 18
c. 9
d. 6
d. 6
140
# EXAMPLE OF QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
7. A set of scores ranges from a high of X=24 to a low of X=12 and has a mean of 18. Which of the following is the most likely value for the standard deviation for these scores?
a. 3 points
b. 6 points
c. 12 points
d. 24 points
a. 3 points
141
the sum of the squared deviation scores or **SS**
sum of squares
142
represented by the symbol σ and equals the **mean squared distance from the mean**. It is obtained by dividing the sum of squares (SS) by N.
Population variance
143
represented by the symbol of σ² and equals the **square root of the population variance**.
Population standard deviation
144
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
8. What is SS, the sum of the squared deviations, for the following population of N=5 scores?
Scores: 1, 9, 0, 2, 3
a. 10
b. 41
c. 50
d. 95
c. 50
145
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
9. What is the standard deviation for the following population of scores?
Scores: 1, 3, 9, 3
a. 36
b. 9
c. 6
d. 3
d. 3
146
# EXAMPLE QUESTION IN CHAPTER 4
10. A population of N=8 scores has a standard deviation of σ=3. What is the value of SS, the sum of the squared deviations, for this population?
a. 72
b. 24
c. 8Ï3
d. 98 5 1.125
a. 72
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determine the number of scores in the **sample** that are **independent** and *free to vary*.
degrees of freedom, or df
148
A sample statistic in which the average value of the statistic is **equal to the population parameter**. (The average value of the statistic is obtained from all the possible samples for a specific sample size, n.)
unbiased
149
A sample statistic that is if the average value of the statistic either **underestimates or overestimates** the corresponding population parameter.
biased
150
The median and interquartile range are often presented in a graph_____ that includes the range of scores from the minimum X to maximum X values.
box plot
151
The plot has three basic features: a box, a horizontal line through the box, and vertical lines that are often called?
whiskers
PSYCH STATS
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