What are some benefits of oral presentations?
⚫ Practicing language skills
⚫ Sharing information and knowledge with fellow students
⚫ Practicing communication skills useful for future
employment
⚫ Opportunity to learn from other presenters (as an audience
member)
⚫ Preparing a presentation gives you an active role in forming
new understandings of the course material/subject
⚫ Opportunity to explore different perspectives and to
problem solve
⚫ Lead to transformative learning, critical and analytical
thinking
Who wrote the text on presenting read in the class?
Zivkovic
What is rhythm?
Just as individual words have a stress pattern, phrases and
clauses do too as they become part of real discourse. We call
this Rhythm.
Rhythm is made by the beats or stresses that we place on
different words in different contexts.
What is Intonation?
Intonation in linguistics refers to the patterns of rise and fall
in pitch when we speak. It is the linguistic use of pitch in discourse. It
is linguistic, in the sense that changing the intonation
of an utterance carries meaning.
What is prosody?
Prosody refers to the patterns of stress (rhythm) and
intonation in a language.
What are the two main tasks of prosody?
- Tonality: Phrasing: marking a division of speech into chunks.
- Tonicity: Highlighting: marking prominences
What are the phonetic parameters to mark tonality and tonicity?
- Pitch movement
- Loudness
- Segmental length
- Segmental quality
- Pauses (only in the case of tonality)
What is tonality?
Tonality is the division of spoken discourse into
discrete units of intonation, each of which carries
one piece of information.
How are the pieces of information marked by tonality called?
Intonation unit
How are the focusses in the information marked by tonicity called?
Tonic syllable
What is tonicity?
It is the location of the most prominent
syllable in an intonation unit, and it identifies the focus of each
piece of information. Each intonation unit has one tonic syllable.
How is the tonic syllable made more prominent?
- A degree of loudness above other syllables
- A distinctive pitch movement
What are the phonetic parameters to mark tonicity?
- A distinctive pitch movement or level
- An increase in loudness
- An increase in segmental length
- A use of strong forms and full vowels
IT IS A GENERAL RULE IN ENGLISH THAT THE TONIC SYLLABLE WILL BE HEARD WITHIN THE LAST LEXICAL ITEM OF AN INTONATION UNIT
Prosody that fits this distribution of the tonic syllable is neutral tonicity.
What can i see in WASP?
- Waveform
- Spectogram
- Pitch
What are the three metafunctions language serves simultaneously?
- Textstructure (Textual function)
- It interacts with others (interpersonal function)
- Expressing ideas (Ideational function)
What are paratones?
Paratones are the spoken equivalents of paragraphs. They
tend to be shorter than paragraphs and may often be more
equivalent to extended sentences
What are paratones used for?
Paratones are used for new topics, shifts in temporal sequence
or episodic events, e.g. the reading of the news. Each topic is
distinguished from a previous one by intonation.
How can one recognise a paratone?
- a high pitch on the onset syllable of the initial intonation unit in the paratone;
- a relatively high ‘baseline’ for that initial unit; this means that the low pitches are
relatively high, compared to the low pitches in the final unit of the paratone; - there is a gradual lowering – or ‘declination’ – of the baseline as the paratone
progresses until the final unit is reached; - the depth of the fall in the final unit is the lowest in the whole paratone;
- there is usually a slowing down process in the final unit, so-called ‘pre-boundary
lengthening’; and - there is usually a longer pause than is normally allowed between intonation units
within a paratone.
Why are paratones important?
They divide up longer segments of speech for
the listener.
* Like paragraphs do in writing
* They create cohesion throughout a text.
* Pitch lowers throughout a paratone, telling us it’s
more information about an already-introduced
topic.
* Pitch goes up at the beginning of a new paratone,
telling us it’s new information or a new segment.
* They contribute to text structure!
What does markedness refer to?
Markedness is related to the frequency of occurence of a particular linguistic feature.
When is language neutral?
the writer/speaker is not
marking that particular linguistic feature for any reason
using language as ‘usual’
When is language marked?
When th writer/speaker is marking that feature for
some reason
using language in a special or different way
When are we speaking of neutral tonality?
Neutral tonality is when intonation boundaries coincide with
clause boundaries. It is the most frequent type of tonality.
