Primary Hazards

Question 1

How many Primary Hazards are there on an EOD task?

Answer 1

25

Question 2

List the Primary Hazards

Answer 2

HE/Frag
Movement
Cocked Striker
Wait Time
Static / EMR
Proximity
Piezo
Jet
Long Delay
Clockwork
Ejection
Fuel
Booby Trap
Magnetic
Acoustic / Seismic
Radiation
CG & L (Compressed Gasses and Liquids)
Pressure
Galvanic
Flooders
General Contact
PSE / AR (Preventative Stripping Equipment / Anti-Removal)

Question 3

Describe the HE/Frag Hazard

Answer 3

Fragments and blast produced by the initiation of any explosive.

Associated with fusing of ordnance containing HE.

Question 4

Describe the Movement Hazard

Answer 4

A knock or sudden movement of the UXO could cause it to initiate.

The movement hazard is generally related to impact forces reliant fusing (such as PD, BD, PIBD, impact and impact inertia).

Considerations for movement may still pertain post RSP (as detailed IAW technical publication of the UXO).

Question 5

List Movement Hazard Mitigations

Answer 5

1. Do not drop, strike, jar or move the UXO
2. Conduct initial movement or jarring remotely
3. If forced to move by hand, move slowly and in attitude found or as directed in technical publication of the UXO
4. Apply applicable QDR for anticipated or unanticipated detonation during movement of UXO (IAW assessment/technical

Question 6

List the 7x HE/Frag mitigations

Answer 6

1. Do not expose to heat, shock or friction
2. All unnecessary personnel are to be outside the calculated FRAG and blast danger areas
3. All personnel inside the relevant safety distances to be within suitable cover.
4. Minimum personnel to approach the UXO
5. Wear soldier combat ensemble/PPE as required
6. Transport EO/UXO items in suitable containers
7. NOTAM/ROAS in place if necessary.

Question 7

Define the Cocked Striker Hazard

Answer 7

For a striker under spring tension, even a slight movement could cause arming or initiation.

The cocked striker hazard is generally related to air burst and clockwork fuzes.

Some fuzes may have a cocked striker as a backup SD.

May also refer to it as firing pin under spring tension, hung firing pin, cocked firing pin, hung detonator or cocked detonator.

Question 8

Listed the 6x Cocked Striker Hazard Mitigations

Answer 8

1. Do not knock, strike, jar or move the UXO
2. Do not conduct an operation in the vicinity of the UXO that will induce a vibration to the fuze
3. If forced to move the UXO, move only by remote means
4. Be aware that the fuze may initiate if moved at all
5. Apply suitable QDR for anticipation detonation during movement of armed UXO/fuze
6. Consider reduction/mitigation of cocked striker hazard prior to conducting procedures on adjacent UXOs which are likely to result in high order

Question 9

Define the Wait Time hazard

Answer 9

Battery bleed down to below firing voltage.

PTTF that have not burnt all the way down.

SD fuzes.

Question 10

list the Wait Time Mitigations

Answer 10

1. Do not approach until after the wait time has expired
2. Wait one-hour minimum for unknown electrical fuzes
3. Wait one hour for improvised or unknown fuzes
4. Wait 30 minutes before approaching a PTTF
5. Wait three hours before approaching unknown missiles
6. Observe other wait times as per reference material.

Question 11

Define the Proximity Hazard

Answer 11

Fuze could initiate if approached within the detection range.

Generic detection zones are considered as follows:

Forward facing: 180-degree arc forward of fuze body junction.

Side facing: 45-degree arc perpendicular to sensor.

The proximity hazard is generally related to air burst fuzes, missiles and IR devices.

May also be referred to as VT.
Functioning distance may be fixed or variable.

Question 12

List the Proximity Hazard Mitigations

Answer 12

1. Do not approach until wait time has expired. If wait time cannot be observed, see wait time precautions or relevant AEODPS reference pertaining to the UXO
2. Observe EMR/static precautions
3. Do not encroach within the perceived detecting range. If unknown, no closer than 50 m within perceived detection zone(s)
4. Shield exposed electrical components as required or as directed within procedures stipulated in technical publication of the UXO (CMC/WIF)

Question 13

Define the Stat/EMR hazard

Answer 13

Initiation of explosives, EEDs and the ignition of flammable liquid vapours due to the introduction of a static electrical charge.

Fuzes which contain an EED are susceptible to initiation due to the presence of EMR.

Refer to Appendix 1 to Annex A to Chapter 4 and Annex T to Chapter 22 for more information.

Question 14

List the 7x Stat/EMR hazard mitigations

Answer 14

1. Consider fired munitions containing EEDs to be to be at a minimum HERO susceptible
2. Turn off or reduce EMR sources within applicable distances IAW LWP-G 3-6-6 Demolitions
3. Any significant change in EMR conditions could detonate the UXO at the moment of change
4. Transmit at the appropriate distance for radio type and power IAW LWP-G 3-6-6 Demolitions
5. Shield as required (CMC/WIF)
6. Ground before touching UXO (use appropriate level)
7. Avoid wearing garments that produce static

Question 15

Define the Jet hazard

Answer 15

Shaped charge AT/AM UXO produces a slug or jet.

Both the jet and slug have significant penetrative capabilities which are relative to the UXO size and design characteristics. The slug may travel further than the calculated safety distance.

Jet requires adequate standoff to effetely form in order to produce full penetrative capability.
May be associated with ordnance which employ either Munroe or Misznay-Schardin effects.

Question 16

List the 5x Jet hazard mitigations

Answer 16

1. Beware of the possibility of associated piezo fuze
2. Mitigate the potential effects of the slug/jet as required
3. Jet mitigation: Only if there is a risk of the munition functioning as designed and if vital assets or non-essential personnel are in immediate threat. Ensure that there is 1 m of earth or equivalent to mitigate jet penetration. If operational requirements allow and long term mitigation is required (within time and resource restrictions), refer to LWP-CA (ENGR) 4-3-2 Blast and Ballistic Effects [Table 4–12 and Table 4–13] to determine appropriate munition penetration depths vs material calculations
4. Slug mitigation: If path of slug is unmitigated, either with existing or constructed mitigation, readjust safety area so as not to be in-line with slug projected path and distance (no less than 2 km). Where slug is adequately mitigated, refer to 3, consider POPAP distances
5. Ensure disposal charge placement is perpendicular to the cone and, when viable, direct the jet/slug hazard

Question 17

Define the Piezo hazard

Answer 17

Piezo crystals will produce an electrical charge when subjected to shock, force or rapid and significant change in temperature.

The Piezo crystals is generally related to anti-material/armour EO but may be found as contact fusing on AAMs.

May also be referred to as Lucky Crystals or Lucky Fuze.

Question 18

List the 6x Piezo hazard mitigations

Answer 18

1. Do not subject piezo crystals to sudden knocks or movement. Do not drop, strike, jar or move the UXO
2. The fuze may function if moved at all. If forced to move the UXO move only by remote means
3. Do not conduct an operation in the vicinity of the EO/UXO that will induce a rapid and significant temperature change in the fuze
4. Apply suitable QDR for anticipated detonation during movement of armed UXO
5. Consider reduction/mitigation to Piezo hazard prior to conducting procedures on surrounding UXOs which are likely to result in high order
6. Observe EMR/static precautions.

Question 19

Describe the Magnetic hazard

Answer 19

Fuze arms or initiates or arms and initiates when it detects a change of state to its magnetic environment.

Question 20

List the 3x magetic hazard mitigations

Answer 20

1. Approach the UXO metal free including clothing and tools (30 m for personnel and no vehicles within 100 m)
2. Do not remove or disturb any metal in the area
3. Do not change the state of any radar, radios, power lines, motors or generators in the area

Question 21

Define the Acoustic / Seismic hazard

Answer 21

Fuze arms or initiates or arms and initiates when it detects a change of state to its seismic/acoustic environment.

Question 22

List the 6x acoustic/seismic hazard mitigations

Answer 22

1. Do not operate vehicles in the immediate vicinity of acoustic/seismic ordnance.
2. Do not wear or carry loose equipment that may rattle, flap or otherwise make a noise.
3. Move with slow deliberate motions and avoid abrupt moves.
4. Ensure no metal to metal contact, scrapping or scratching on the UXO or in the immediate vicinity.
5. Do not talk or create vocal emissions on approach to the UXO within 30 m. Use full acoustic precautions within 10 m by restricting noise or vibration to a period of one-second duration followed by a minimum three-second silence.
6. If the ordnance must be touched, do not rub the ordnance or slide hands from point to point.

Question 23

Define the long delay hazard

Answer 23

Long delay AD (air delivered) fuzes operated electrically or chemically to achieve a long delay prior to functioning.

Generally employed as either a time delay or SD (self destruct) function.

Generally associated with AD bombs, mines and AD submunitions.

Question 24

List the 3x long delay hazard mitigations

Answer 24

1. Observe generic wait time for unknown electronic fuzes (1 hour) prior to initial manual approach.
2. Apply QDR for anticipated detonation during the period when the ordnance may function (IAW fuze settings/technical publication of the UXO).
3. Manual approach within the identified functioning timeframe should only be conducted under advice from EODCC.

Question 25

Define the clockwork hazard

Answer 25

Mechanical functioning fuze system designed to achieve a long delay prior to functioning utilising a cocked striker element. Associated with AD ordnance.

Question 26

List the 7x clockwork hazard mitigations

Answer 26

1. Do not knock, strike or jar a clockwork fuze as it contains a CS element. 2. On the first approach, employ listening equipment to detect moving parts of the fuze. This would indicate a possible functioning fuze. 3. If no indication of function is detected, set up a remote listening post using an electronic stethoscope. 4. Conduct checks after each disturbance or jarring. 5. If ticking is heard at any stage conduct the immediate action (IAW technical publication of the UXO). 6. Apply QDR for anticipated detonation during the period when the ordnance may function (IAW fuze settings x 1.5/technical publication of the UXO). 7. Manual approach within the identified functioning timeframe should only to be conducted under advice from EODCC (IAW fuze settings x 1.5/technical publication of the UXO).

Question 27

Define the booby trap hazard

Answer 27

The UXO or surrounding area may be targeted as the location for the emplacement of threat devices.

Question 28

List the 4x booby trap hazard mitigations

Answer 28

1. Treat all UXO in previously enemy held territory with suspicion. 2. Request intelligence on the history of emplacement and employment of threat devices within AO. 3. Treat all mines with suspicion of being protected by secondaries (IAW threat) including anti-handling. 4. Apply IED threat assessment and search TTPs as applicable (IAW reported/assessed threat).

Question 29

Define the ejection hazard

Answer 29

Carrier type UXO that bursts and expels its contents from nose, base, and underside (includes chaff and flares). Tail assemblies are not deployed. (Only applicable if they are powered, gas or spring driven. Not applicable for retarders which open through air pressure such as snake-eye tail, balute chute. Not applicable to bounding mines or clearance plates where the payload will subsequently function.)

Question 30

List the 3x ejection hazard mitigations

Answer 30

1. Do not unnecessarily linger with any part of your body in line with any path of hazardous ejection, within the assessed hazardous ejection range. 2. Use caution around un-deployed tail assemblies. 3. If viable, mitigate the distance to which the ejected payload/hazard may travel and consider equal and opposite forces if ejection fully inhibited.

Question 31

List the 5x mitigations for the Phosphorus hazard

Answer 31

1. Operate with appropriate PPE, firefighting and first aid equipment available. 2. Transport leaking EO containing phosphorous in suitable container to hold item and water/wet earth/earth. 3. Carry a respirator (with suitable canister) on approach (don if smoke is seen). 4. Approach the item from upwind. 5. Wait 30 minutes after last smoke or as directed within technical publication of the UXO (whichever is greater) before manual approach.

Question 32

Define the Phosphorus hazard

Answer 32

Will burn violently in contact with the air and produces toxic smoke. Associated with EO fills containing phosphorus which produces toxic smoke.

Question 33

Describe the fire hazard

Answer 33

Pyrotechnic mixtures that contain a fuel and oxidizer that when ignited produce light or coloured display. Associated with incendiary mixtures of a hot metal type or oil base intended to ignite materials. Not associated with a secondary hazard of EO causing a fire.

Question 34

List the 6x fire hazard mitigations

Answer 34

1. Protect the eyes from visual impairment caused by burning pyrotechnic materials. 2. Operate with appropriate PPE, firefighting and first aid equipment available. 3. Use dry sand to smother as water may induce a violent reaction. 4. Carry a respirator (with suitable canister) on approach (don if smoke is seen). 5. Approach the item from upwind. 6. Do not inhale smoke or fumes

Question 35

describe the fuel hazard

Answer 35

Unfired rockets/missiles may contain unburnt solid/liquid fuel. Fuels could ignite or explode causing a rear approach hazard, as well as a forward projection hazard. Burnt and unburnt fuels may present inhalation, ingestion and/or contact hazard if poorly handled.

Question 36

list the 5x fuel hazard mitigations

Answer 36

1. Approach all GW/rockets from the rear quarter. 2. Unidentified liquid fuels require a downwind exclusion area. 3. Beware of increased fire risk. 4. Use SCBA and TES as required for liquid fuels. 5. Observe EMR precautions.

Question 37

Describe the Chem / Bio hazard

Answer 37

CB warfare agents may be released if UXO functions or is damaged.

Question 38

List the 4x chem/bio mitigations

Answer 38

1. If suspicious, implement 450 m exclusion radius and approach the UXO from upwind in a dress state suitable to the situation. 2. After confirmation of CB UXO, set up an initial exclusion zone of 450 m and a downwind hazard area of 2 km. 3. Employ suitable contamination control measures in vicinity of UXO. 4. Employ comprehensive hazardous downwind plotting procedures as soon as feasible.

Question 39

Describe the radiation hazard

Answer 39

Nuclear missiles, bombs, projectiles, radioactive components. Refer to Appendix 2 for more information on DU.

Question 40

List the 2x radiation hazard mitigations

Answer 40

1. Do not ingest or inhale dust or smoke from possible DU rounds or burning military vehicles that may contain or have been struck by DU rounds. 2. Employ initial exclusion zone of 400 m radius.

Question 41

Define the CG&L hazard (Compressed gases and liquids)

Answer 41

GW may contain compressed gasses and liquids as part of their guidance and control sections and crashed aircraft may have plumbing containing compressed gasses and liquids. These compressed gases and liquids can be forced from lines and holding tanks under great pressure.

Question 42

List the 3x CG&L hazard mitigations

Answer 42

1. Do not knock or jar damaged compressed gas cylinders. 2. Do not force, knock or jar pressurised fuel/pneumatic/hydraulic lines. 3. Movement of damaged cylinders/lines are to be kept to an absolute minimum.

Question 43

Define the Pressure hazard

Answer 43

Underwater mines and torpedos (both water pressure). Related to some WWII British bomb fuze pistols (air pressure to arm).

Question 44

List the 4x pressure hazard mitigations

Answer 44

1. Do not touch UXO or cause water disturbance near sensor (for underwater mines and torpedoes). 2. Do not expose sensor to blast overpressure. 3. Drop hazard when not a pressure fuze or when neutralised. 4. If multiple influences, assume that ambient sea conditions are satisfying the pressure sensor.

Question 45

Describe the galvanic hazard

Answer 45

Related to a cell made of dissimilar metals in an electrolyte that when contacted a battery is made. Buoyant mine that operates on the principle of two dissimilar metals which make contact in an electrolyte (water) which generates a small current to operate relays to initiate the explosive charge.

Question 46

List the 3x galvanic hazard mitigations

Answer 46

1. Do not allow dissimilar metals to come in contact with an underwater mine. 2. Remain clear of electrolytes, snag line and antennas. 3. Do not knock or jar as relays may be very sensitive.

Question 47

Define the flooder / sinker hazard

Answer 47

Found in the upper hemisphere of buoyant mine. When initiated, flooders fire an EED which projects a chisel/explosive charge (flooder/sinker) through a brass disk and allows water to enter and neutralise the mine.

Question 48

List the 2x flooder/sinker mitigations

Answer 48

1. Remain clear of chisel/explosive charge exit point 2. If necessary to work in hazard area gag the flooder or sinker.

Question 49

Descrie the PSEAR (Preventative Stripping Equipment Anti-Removal) hazard

Answer 49

Includes prefabricated integral anti-withdrawal, anti-disturbance and anti-opening features in ordnance.

Question 50

Describe the General Contact hazard

Answer 50

Device that requires impact to cause detonator to function. Generally found in underwater ordnance.

Question 51

List the 3x General Contact mitigations

Answer 51

1. On discovery refer to RAN clearance diver. 2. Don’t disturb any horns or snag lines 3. Observe precautions in AEODPS A-1-1-37.

Question 52

What is the PSEAR mitigation?

Answer 52

1. Conduct all fuze removal remotely.