Primates

Question 1

What are the different taxonomies fo primates?

Answer 1

• Prosimians
• New world Monkeys
• ercopithecidae / old world monkeys
• Apes

Question 2

Who does prosimians include? important features?

Answer 2

• Lemurs and lorises
• Tooth combs

Question 3

Who does new wold monkeys include? important features?

Answer 3

• Callitrichids: Marmosets and
  Tamarins
• Capuchins, howler monkeys, spider
  monkeys, woolly monkeys
• Vitamin D
• UV light

Question 4

Macaques and Guenons (& baboons) important features?

Answer 4

• Cheek pouches
• oonotic disease: herpes V from macaques

Question 5

Who do Colobines include? Features ?

Answer 5

• Colobus
• Langurs
• Foliovores, adapted stomachs

Question 6

Apes - include who? what features?

Answer 6

• Gibbons & great apes
• Zoonotic dx

Question 7

Describe primates in captivity

Answer 7

• Intelligent
• omnivorous
• Group living
• Mostly arboreal
• Mostly single infants
• Long infancy, long lives

Question 8

Nutrition of primates?

Answer 8

• Omnivores (e.g. macaques)
• Folivores (e.g. colobine group)
• Vit D for New world monkeys
• UV lights for tamarins and marmosets

Question 9

Typical diets?

Answer 9

• fresh veg / leaves
• commercial pellets
• supplemental protein or enrichment items (eggs,
  insects)

Question 10

What issues can arise from food?

Answer 10

• Social issues - bulling, selective feeding
• Variety?
• Food presentation

Question 11

Bhvr for primates?

Answer 11

• Social
• Complex changing environemnt
• Prone to stereotypies if needs not met

Question 12

What can enrichment include?

Answer 12

• Enclosure design, complex/ challenging
• Company - conspecifics or mixed species
• Novel items
• Presentation of food (scatter feeding, hidden, hanging browse, muzzle feeders, novel items)

Question 13

Traning?

Answer 13

• Positive reinforcement
• Reduces steess of procedures
• Reduces need to GA & safer

Question 14

EXample for training primates?

Answer 14

• Entering transport box
• Hand injection
• Phlebotomy
• For examination
• For specific procedure
• Recall to shed

Question 15

Clinical approach to drugs?

Answer 15

• Nothing is licensed
• Follow cascade
• Human drugs after vet drugs

Question 16

Describe contraception in Primates?

Answer 16

• Seasonal breeders (e.g. lemurs) –
  separate sexes
• Surgical
• Implants – deslorelin, etonogestrel
• Oral – human contraceptive pill for
  great apes
• IUDs - chimpanzees

Question 17

Inpatient care considerations for primates?

Answer 17

• Intravenous fluids
• Cephalic/saphenous
• Bandage well
• Stress levels
• Enrichment
• How long can they be
  separated from the
  group?

Question 18

What are soem common conditions in Primates?

Answer 18

• Infectious disease: Entamoeba histolytica
• Yersinia psuedotuberculosis
• Tuberculosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Dysbiosis/bloat
• Social issues

Question 19

Describe Entamoeba histolytica ?

Answer 19

• anaerobic dysentry
• Gi dx
• Liver or other abscesses

Question 20

Dx & Tx Entamoeba haemolytica

Answer 20

Dx: faecal smaple/ Us of abscess
Tx: Metronidazole & intensive care
- Diloxanide or paromomycin for asymptomatic infections

Question 21

Describe yersinia pseudotuberculosis/ enterocolitica?

Answer 21

• Acute death
• Liver/ gut lesions
• Faecal samples or at autopsy

-> rodent contorl
- Vaccination

Question 22

Describe Tuberculosis

Answer 22

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bovis, microti
• Granulomatous leisons in lungs
• M.BOVIS -> NOTIFIABLE

Question 23

What testing for TB?

Answer 23

• Intradermal skin testing
• Interferon gamma testing
• PME

Question 24

Risk factors & signs of Diabetes mellitus in primates?

Answer 24

• Risk factors-> Diet, obesity, hereditary
• PU/PD, weight loss

Question 25

Dx for diabetes?

Answer 25

* Blood glucose * Fructosamine * Urinalysis

Question 26

Tx for Diabetes?

Answer 26

* Metformin and oral hypoglycaemics * Insulin injections

Question 27

Describe Dysbiosis/ Bloat in primates?

Answer 27

- Colobus, langurs, leaf monkeys - Care with antibiotics!

Question 28

Describe social issues?

Answer 28

* Conspecific conflict, injury * Bullying * Selective feeding * Separation from group

Question 29

What zoonotic diseases from primates?

Answer 29

* Herpes B (macaques) * Hepatitis B (gibbons) * Retroviruses, other viruses * Bacteria * Protozoa

Question 30

Describe restraint/ handling ?

Answer 30

* Training * Manual restraint * Crush tunnels/boxes * Netting * Darting (blowdart, dartgun)

Question 31

Considerations of GA in primates?

Answer 31

* GA depth required for procedure * Positioning * Move animal? * Monitoring * Stress levels of animal * Facilities for induction and recovery

Question 32

Induction/ short procedures?

Answer 32

* Starving times * Pre-med? * Medetomidine + ketamine * Zoletil + medetomidine * Medetomidine + Midazolam + Butorphanol - Induction chamber

Question 33

Intubation?

Answer 33

- Dorsal recumbency - Local anaesthetic spray (intubeze) - Length of ETT - Howler monkeys -> hyloid bone care

Question 34

Special considerations of anaesthesia?

Answer 34

- Cheek pouches! - Positioning -> large or overweight animals ;colobines with large stomachs - Regurgitation - colobines - Small primates

Question 35

What pre-preparation for necropsy?

Answer 35

CARE ZOONOTIC RISK! * Ventilation * Fume cupboard * Outside * PPE: FFP3 facemasks, gloves, goggles, overalls * Any additional regulations (e.g. post-import quarantine)?

Question 36

Preparing for Necropsy?

Answer 36

- History (Id, signalment, toD,medical H) - Equipment(scales, blades, sample pots, recording ..)

Question 37

External exam in necropsy?

Answer 37

* Identification: microchip, tattoos * Coat or hair * Dental disease * Trauma * Body condition

Question 38

Approach to necropsy ?

Answer 38

* Position the carcass * Work through the organs systematically * Examine them in situ before removing for closer exam/sampling

Question 39

Abdo & thoracic organs on necropsy?

Answer 39

Abdominal organs * Liver, kidneys, spleen, GIT, reproductive organs, bladder, lymph nodes * Ingesta Thoracic organs * Trachea, lungs, heart, pericardium, mediastinum * Diaphragm – negative pressure

Question 40

what other systems to asses?

Answer 40

Musculoskeletal system * Joints Neurological system

Question 41

What sampling might we want to do on necropsy?

Answer 41

Formalin samples * Major organs * Abnormal tissue or lesions * Brain Swabs, body fluids, frozen tissue Genetic analysis – ethanol, hair Blood/serum * Notifiable diseases