1
Q
scotoma
A
non-seeing area within the visual field
2
Q
bitemporal (heteronymous) hemianopsia
A
- outer half of each eye without sight (right half of right & left half of left)
- lesion in optic chiasm (region III of visual pathway)
3
Q
homonymous hemianopsia
A
- same half of each eye without sight (right half of both right & left eye)
- lesion b/w chiasm & occipital visual cortex (opposite side)
4
Q
papilledema
A
- optic nerve (disc) swelling
- b/c of increased intracranial pressure
5
Q
glaucoma
A
- increased intraocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers
- visual field defects
- increased size of optic cup
6
Q
age related macular degeneration
A
- deterioration of the macula
- loss of sharp, central vision
- dry (yellowish deposits under pigment epithelial layer) vs. wet (abnormal vessels grow under retina and leak fluid/blood)
7
Q
cataracts
A
- cloudiness of the lens
- prevents clear image from forming on retina
8
Q
retinoblastoma
A
- malignant intraocular tumor developed from retinal visual cells
9
Q
strabismus
A
- eye misalignment
- eyes do not move normally
- caused by extraocular muscle imbalance
10
Q
retinitis pigmentosa
A
- retinal degeneration in both eyes, photocell loss
- progressive: night blindness to loss of peripheral vision, to tunnel vision to total blindness
11
Q
Wilson’s disease
A
- abnormal copper accumulation
- Kayser-Fleisher ring in Descemet’s membrane
- “sunflower” cataract
12
Q
Marfan Syndrome
A
- connective tissue disease
- very myopic, large corneas, cataracts, ptosis, strabismus or incomplete choroidal formation
13
Q
Stargardt’s disease
A
- macular degeneration b/w ages 6-20
14
Q
keratonconus
A
- degenerative corneal disease
- thinning cornea
- steepening cornea at center
15
Q
corneal dystrophies
A
- accumulation of abnormal material or water in the cornea
- leads to cloudiness and reduced vision
16
Q
CRAO
A
- central retinal artery occlusion
- blood clot or fatty deposit blocks essential blood supply to retina
- see “cherry-red spot” in macula b/c choroidal circulation showing through
- complete loss of vision
- painless
17
Q
BRAO
A
- branch retinal artery occlusion
- partial loss of vision
- painless
18
Q
CRVO
A
- central retinal vein occlusion
- vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
- painless
19
Q
BRVO
A
- branch retinal vein occlusion
- vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
- painless
20
Q
vitreous hemorrhage
A
- symptoms: floaters, cob web or lace curtain; blurry vision,
reddish hue to vision - painless
21
Q
retinal detachment
A
- retina pulls away from back of eye (full or partial)
- experience floaters or peripheral light flashes
- painless
22
Q
angle-closure glaucoma
A
- painless, intermittent blurred vision
- aqueous doesn’t exit eye through trabecular meshwork as it should
- increase in IOP
- use Van Herick Technique (pages 230-231)
23
Q
dry eye
A
- intermittent or continual vision changes
24
Q
keratitis
A
- inflammation of cornea
- distorted or blurred vision
25
amaurosis fugax
- permanent retinal arteriolar strokes
| - emergent attention - warning sign of stroke
26
ocular aura
- ophthalmic migrane
- see swirls of colorful light
- urgent attention
27
diplopia
- double vision
| - urgent
28
uveitis
- internal inflammation of the eyes (uvea)
29
iritis
- iris spasms with inflammation
30
scleritis or episcleritis
- inflammation of outer protective layers of eye
| - no redness or discharge (unlike conjunctivitis)
31
periorbital/orbital cellulitis
- lid swelling and pain
32
conjunctivitis
- redness and discharge from conjunctivia
- one eye = virus
- both eyes = bacteria
33
optic neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve
| - periorbital pain with vision loss
34
retrobulbar neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve fibers behind optic disc (where they leave eye)
35
giant cell (temporal) arteritis
- inflammation of arteries supplying the head and eyes
36
photophobia
- abnormal intolerance to light
| - due to inflammatory processes or corneal nerve sending distressed impulses
37
blepharitis
- inflammation of eyelids
38
seborrheic dermatitis
- dandruff of eye lashes
39
chalazia
- oil gland in eyelid is blocked
40
hordeola
- "sty"
| - acute infection of lash follicle
41
subconjunctival hemorrhage
- blood vessels under conjunctiva have leaked
- painless, red eye
- no vision loss
42
ptosis
- droopy eyelid
43
anisocoria
- difference in size b/w pupils (>1 mm)
44
eccentric fixation
- patient has learned to fixate on other retinal area (not macula) b/c macula deficient
45
nystagmus
- rhythmic jerking of the eyes
46
amblyopia
- lazy eye
47
organic vision loss
- due to disease, disorder & trauma
48
functional (non-organic) vision loss
- no known organic cause
| - malingering, factitious or hysterical
49
tropia
- strabismus present all the time
50
phoria
- strabismus present some of the time
51
Relative Afferent Pupillary defect (RAPD)
- lack of consensual response
| - one eye dilates, the other does not
52
Light Near dissociation
- pupils react to objects coming near but not to light
53
rubeosis
- abnormal blood vessel growth in iris
54
flare
- aqueous has increased protein content
| - causes scattering of slit lamp light
55
senile miosis
- pupils become smaller as we age
56
hippus
- NORMAL brain confusion
| - causes pulsation of pupil when only one eye stimulated
57
hyphema
- injury to root of iris
| - blood vessels bleed into anterior chamber
58
hypopyon
- pus accumulated in anterior chamber
| - severe infection
59
Protanomaly
- deficient red cones
60
Deuteranomaly
- deficient green cones
61
Tritanomaly
- deficient blue cones
62
protanopia
- no red cones
63
dueteranopia
- no green cones
64
tritanopia
- no blue cones
65
heterophoria
- strabismus controlled by fusion
| - discovered by covering one eye
66
orthophoria
- normal, eyes are straight
67
heterotropia
- constant deviation of eyes
68
esophoria
- controlled, one eye turns in
69
esotropia
- uncontrolled, one eye turns in
70
accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation due to high hyperopic refractive error
| - may be corrected with lens
71
non-accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation not affected by lenses (need surgery)
72
exotropia
- uncontrolled out turning of eye
73
exophoria
- controlled out turning of eye
74
convergence insufficiency
- exodeviation is larger at near
75
sensory exotropia
- one eye with poor or no vision, drifts out
76
pseudostrabismus
- eyes appear crossed but nasal sclera is just hidden behind large skin folds
77
comitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements of strabismus are similar in different directions of gaze
78
incomitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements are different in varying directions of gaze
79
CN III Palsy
- affected eye "down & out"
| - may have dilated pupil or drooping lid
80
CN IV Palsy
- hypertropia (upward deviation of one eye) with excyclotorsion
81
CN VI Palsy
- esotropic deviation
82
dermatochalasis
- excess of upper eyelid skin
83
blepharochlalasis
- spontaneous swelling of eyelids
84
trichiasis
- inward growth of eyelashes
85
blepharospasm
- involuntary twitching of eyelie
86
lagophthalmos
- incomplete closure of eye lids
87
chalazion
- clogged & inflamed oil gland on eyelid
88
cellulitis
- inflammation of tissues around eye
89
alacrima
- absence of tearing
90
epiphora
- excessive tearing (excess tears or inadequate draining)
91
dry eye syndrome
- dehydration of ocular surface
92
canaliculitis
- inflammation of canaliculus
93
dacryoadenitis
- inflammation of tear producing lacrimal gland
94
dacryocystritis
- inflammation in the lacrimal sac
95
microphthalmia
- born with small, malformed eye
96
buphthalmos
- unusually large eyeball & cornea
97
anophthalmos
- total absence of eye in orbit
98
enophthalmos
- retraction of globe & orbital contents
99
exophthalmos
- abnormal forward bulging of eye
100
papillomas
- raised vascular growths (on skin, conjuctiva, etc.)
101
corneal ulcer
- pitted defect in cornea
| - infectious agent entered scratch
102
Superficial Punctate Keratitis
or
Punctate Epithelial Erosions
- loss of epithelial cells on surface of cornea
103
keratoconus
- progressive bulging & thinning of cornea
- associated with high astigmatism & myopia
- steepest curvature is inferiorly
- circular pattern shown in topography
104
dystrophy
- progressive change in a tissue or organ due to defective metabolsim
105
Fuch's dystrophy
- gradual & progressive loss of corneal endothelium
106
pterygium
- abnormal growth over limbus (where sclera & cornea meet) & onto cornea
107
pannus
- neovascularized & granulated tissue at limbus
108
arcus senilis
- whitening of cornea due to lipid deposits
| - common in elderly
109
amiodarone swirls
- deposits below corneal epithelium
110
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
- copper deposts in Descement's membrane
111
Krukenbergy's spindle
- brown uveal pigments deposited on posterior corneal surface in spindle pattern
112
subluxation/luxation of lens
- partial or full breakage of lens from zonules
113
coloboma
- incomplete fusion of tissues during embryonic stage
- effects iris & ciliary body, optic nerve
- absence of zonules
114
lisch nodules
- small, round, raised lesions on iris
115
pigmentary dispersion syndrome
- pigment particles slough off iris and circulate in anterior and posterior chamber
116
posterior vitreous detachment
- pulling away from retina
| - aging causes liquification
117
asteroid hyalosis
- multiple tiny deposits (calcium & phospholipids) in vitreous
118
optic nerve cupping
- cup-to-disc ratio
| >0.6 = glaucoma; asymmetry >0.2=glaucoma
119
optic nerve drusen
- protein & calcium deposits in optic nerve
| - look like yellowish spots
120
optic nerve pallor
- pale appearance indicating loss of nerve fibres
121
optic neuritis (papillitis)
- inflammation of optic nerve
| - associated with MS
122
retinopathy
- abnormal growth of weak blood vessels
| - vessels leak, bleed & tug on retina
123
amaurotic pupil
- pupil does not respond to direct light due to blindness
124
synechiae
- adhesion of iris and lens
125
presbyopia
- decrease in ability to focus near
- loss of elasticity of lens or ciliary muscle function
- due to age
126
metamorphopsia
- distortion of straight lines
| - conduct amsler grid test
127
with-the-rule astigmatism
-steepest curvature of cornea vertically, flattest horizontally
128
pellucid marginal degeneration
- pheripheral thinning of the inferior cornea without inflammation
- may create irregular astigmatism
- see "droopy bow-tie" pattern on topography
Ophthalmic Assisting
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Decks in class (5)
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