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Producing New Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis

A

Seperatioj of replicated chromosomes into 2 new daughter cells

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2
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One of two complete copies of a chromosome attached to each other during mitosis

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3
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells in animals which can divide in order to self-renew. they have the potential to become different types of cells. They are in involved in growth and repair

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4
Q

What is a system

A

Group of organs which work together

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5
Q

What is the specialisation of cells

A

Leads to the formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs

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6
Q

What is a diploid

A

Two sets of matching chromosomes in one cell

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7
Q

What is a hierarchy

A

The order of the different levels of complexity from cells to systems .

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8
Q

What is a chromosome complement

A

The number of chromosomes typical of a particular species

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9
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body and how many pairs are they arranged into

A

46 chromosomes which are arranged into 23 pairs.

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10
Q

Why do cells need to divide

A

To form a complete copy of themselves
Produce new cells for growth and repair of damaged tissues and replacement for dead or damaged cells

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What is the process of a diploid cell dividing called

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

What happens in mitosis and why is this important

A

Two identical daughter cells are produced which contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is important because it means that they maintain the diploid chromosome complement and have the same genetic information.

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the first stage of mitosis

A

Nucleas containing long uncoiled chromosomes make copies of themselves and hecome visible as pairs of identical chromatids

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16
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

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17
Q

What is the third stage of mitosis

A

Pairs of chromatids are pulled apart and chromosomes move to opposite poles

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18
Q

What is the fourth stage of mitosis

A

Nucleas membrane forms and cytoplasm divides

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19
Q

How can stem cells self-renew

A

By cell division

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20
Q

What is an embryonic stem cell

A

They are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilised in a laboratory

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21
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

They are built-in repair kits regenerating surrounding cells damaged by disease or injury

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22
Q

What does a nerve cell look like

A

It has a long connection length for transmitting signals over long distance from sensors to the brain

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23
Q

What does a red blood cell look like

A

Has a bioncave shape and no nucleas giving leave surface area so it can carry more oxygen

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24
Q

What does a sperm cell look like

A

Has a tail to swim to the egg

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25
What does a root hair cell look like
Long and thin so has large surface area to absorb more water
26
What does a leaf palisade cell look like
Has many chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
27
What does a guard cell look like
Open and closes to allow gases to be exchanged in a plant
28
What is the cellular organisation in animals
Cell - tissue -organ
29
What is the cellular organisation in plants
Specialised cell - tissue - organ - system - organism
30
What is a sensory neuron
First neuron in a pathway thay receives a stimulus from a receptor
31
What is the CNS
Consists of brain and spinal cord
32
What is the medulla
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
33
What is the nervous system
Consists of central nervous system and other nerves
34
What is the cerebrum
Responsible for conscious thought, mental processes, memory, reasoning and imagination
35
What is a neuron
Cell of the nervous system which carries an electrical impulse
36
What is the cerebellum
Controls balance and coordination
37
What is the inter-neuron
Second neuron in a pathway that transmits a message from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron
38
What is an effector
Muscle or gland that receives the message from a motor neuron enabling it to respond
39
What is the reflex arc
The arrangement of three types of neuron
40
What is the Motor neuron
Last neuron in a nerve pathway that enables a response to be made by an effector
41
What is the receptor
Sense organ that detects a stimulus and passes it on the the sensory neuron
42
What is the synapse
A tiny space between two neurons over which a chemical is released to carry on the nerve impulse from one neuron the the next
43
What does the liver do
Releases glucose from glycogen breakdown if glucagon is present, stores glucose as glycogen if insulin is present
44
What are hormones
Type of protein chemical messenger produced by the endocrine gland that travels through the blood stream to cause a response elsewhere in the body.
45
What is insulin
Hormone produced by pancreas when glucose is high, stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and liver.
46
What is the endocrine gland
Gland that produces and releases hormones
47
What is a complementary receptor
Protein molecule on the surface of target cells that binds specifically to a hormone to carry out a specific response
48
What is glucagon
Hormone produced by pancrease when glucose is low, stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
49
What is glycogen
Storage carbohydrate produced in the liver from glucose
50
What is a target cell/tissue
Cell which a hormone will bind to by a specific receptor to carry out its action
51
Whah is the pancreas
Endocrine gland which releases insulin and glucagon
52
What is the pathway of an electrical impulse
Stimulus - receptor - sensory neurons - CNS - motor neurone - effector - response
53
54
What is a the order of events in a reflex arc
A receptor detects a stimulus and sends and electrical impulse through a sensory neuron which passes the electrical impulse onto an inter neuron. The electrical impulse is then passed onto a motor neurone which is connected to an effector.
55
How is information passed along a neuron
As an electrical impulse
56
What happens in your body when there is an increase in blood sugar
1. Change is detected by receptor cells in the pancrease 2. Pancrease releases insulin into blood 3. Liver cells store glucose from the blood as glycogen 4. Blood sugar levels become normal again
57
What happens in your body if there is a decrease in blood sugar levels
1. Change detected in receptor 2. Pancrease releases glucagon into blood 3. Liver cells convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood 4. Normal blood sugar level
58
What is sperm
Male sex cells in animals. Small cell with a tail to allow it to swim, haploid, nucleas in head
59
What is the ovary
Produced female gamete in plants and animals
60
What is a zygote
Haploid sex cell
61
What is an egg
Female sex cell in animals. Large cell contains food store and haploid nucleas
62
What is an anther
Produces male gametes (pollen) in plants
63
What is fertilisation
The fusion of male and gamete nuclei to form a diploid zygote
64
What does diploid mean
Cell that contains 1 set of chromosomes
65
What does haploid mean
Cell thay contains 2 sets of matching chromosomes
66
What is testes
Produces male gametes in animals
67
Whah is a gamete
Diploid fertilised egg that will develop into the embryo
68
What is pollen
Male sex cell in plants
69
What is the oviduct
Site of fertilisation in humans
70
What is continuous variation
Polygenic inheritance involving multiple genes. This type of inheritance results in characters showing continuous variation where there is a range of values between a minimum and a maximum
71
What is discrete variation
Single gene inheritance involves one gene the resulting characteristics show discrete variation where measurements fall into distinct groups
72
What does homozygous mean
A homozygous organism has two identical alleles of a gene
73
What does heterozygous mean
A heterozygous organism has two different alleles of a gene
74
What are alleles
Different forms of a gene
75
What is a genotype
Is the alleles an organism carries for a particular characteristic
76
What is a phenotype
It is the physical appearance of an organism determined by genetotype for the characteristic
77
What does it mean if a dominant allele is present
It will always show up in the appearance of an organism
78
Whah does it mean if a recessive allele is present
It will only show up in the appearance of an organism if it has inherited two of this allele
79
What is a monohybrid cross
A breeding experiment which follows the inheritance of one characteristic
80
What is polygenic inheritance
A characteristic showing continuous variation and is determined by more than one gene
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