1
Q
What is step 1 of creating a nutraceutical
A
- source the material
- find the oil (product specifications - (important characteristics about product))
2
Q
What is step 2 of creating a nutraceutical
A
- create the product
3
Q
What is step 3 of creating a nutraceutical
A
- product + regulatory
- does it still work (bioavailable/bioaccessible)
- stability
- shelf-life
- testing
4
Q
on average how long can a product last on the shelf
A
- 2 years
5
Q
What can happen to nutraceuticals after product development
A
Nutraceuticals are food- or plant-derived bioactive extracts whose composition can vary due to extraction methods and natural plant variability- (location and season), making labeling and quality control critical.
6
Q
What happens with echinacea
A
- echinacea sales rep 10% of the dietary supplement market
- of the samples 6 (10%) of 59 contained no measurable echinacea
7
Q
Why is rosemary so important in food industry
A
- extracts with rosmarinic acid and phenolic diterpenes widely used in the food industry because of anti-oxidant properties
8
Q
What determines the concentration of rosemary
A
- depending on harvest (feb being the most) will determine concentration
9
Q
What does extraction process effecting?
A
- Final product
- tend to overlook how the starting material can impact final product
10
Q
Explain product development considerations for functional foods overview
A
- Source and supply of the bioactive (find sources & producers)
- Processing and extraction of the bioactive
- Bioaccessibilty- bioavailability/efficacy of the bioactive ingredient in the food matrix
- Effects of processing on bioavailability
- Product stability/shelf-life considerations
- Consumption patterns of the intended audience
- Consumer compliance to target consumption levels and the effects of under-consumption or over-consumption
- Product acceptability
11
Q
Explain processing and extraction of the bioactive in more detail
A
- post-harvest technologies at site of raw material harvest and their effects: drying freezing
- extraction techniques, environnent impacts of extract (solvents for example) and “waste” by-products generated
12
Q
What are some extraction of bioactive compound methods
A
- distillation and steam distillation
- low pressure solvent extraction
- supercritical fluid extraction
- adsorption/desorption methods
13
Q
What concentration methods of bioactive compounds
A
- membrane processing
- vacuum evaporation
- spray-and freeze-drying
14
Q
What is distillation
A
- separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or fractions by selective boiling (or evaporation) and condensation
- for extraction of volatiles from liquid or solid substrates: based on different boiling points of the volatiles
15
Q
What is steam Distillation
A
- distillation process modified for the recovery of heat sensitive volatiles with high boiling points. Can use direct dry steam contact wet steam contact, or water contact. The steam uses Daltons law of partial pressures to lower the boiling points of the volatiles
16
Q
What is solvent extraction
A
- uses a solvent (acetone, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate) to extract non-water soluble components. Can be stirred-tank or percolation systems
17
Q
What is supercritical fluid extraction
A
- critical point: characteristic temperature (Tc) and pressure (Pc) above which distinctive gas and liquid phases do not exist
- SCF has salvation properties of a liquid but diffusion properties of a gas
- very complex system that employs temp and pressure to extract materials with supercritical solvents (eg. CO2)
18
Q
What supercritical fluid extraction
A
- these properties make it suitable for extracting compounds in a short time with higher yields
- A basic SFE system consists of a tank of mobile phase, usually CO2 as solvent, a pump to pressurize the gas, co-solvent vessel, an oven that contains the extraction vessel, a controller to maintain the high pressure inside the system and a trapping vessel
- carbon dioxide used as solvent but has low polarity which makes it ideal for lipid, fat and non-polar substance, can add modifiers to enhance the polarity of CO2 (methanol)
- system is expensive but very effective and safe
19
Q
What are the advantages of supercritical fluid extraction
A
- extraction time can be reduced substantially by SFE in comparison with solvent methods (low viscosity and surface tension of supercritical fluid leads to more penetration of sample matrix
- Selectivity of supercritical fluid is higher than liquid solvent (salvation power can be tuned by changing T or P
- Separation time solvent from solute is minimal
- Considered much more environmentally friendly
20
Q
What is adsorption/desorption?
A
-Employs a rest for to absorb materials, then a rinsing stream to desorb them. can be stirred tank or column
- eg; based on charge (ion exchange)
21
Q
In terms of surface area for supercritical fluid extraction what is better? More surface area or less?
A
- More
22
Q
What factors are important in regards to adsorption/desorption extraction methods
A
- size
- polarity
23
Q
Explain membrane processing and what kind of method is it?
A
Method: Concentration
- extracts molecules based on size
- you need to know the molecule size
24
Q
What are the two methods of extraction for bioactive components
A
- extraction methods
- concentration methods
25
What are the different types of membrane processing
- spiral-wound
- filtration
26
What is spray drying and and what method of extraction for bioactive components is it?
- METHOD: concentration
- it is removing water from a component and the result is a powder
27
What are some examples of spray drying and what are the problems with it
- protein powder
- the problems with it is it is sensitive to external environment
28
What is freeze drying and and what method of extraction for bioactive components is it?
METHOD: concentration
- after a product is frozen, apply vacuum and water is removed by sublimation
- a very gentle process, but most expensive of all drying methods
29
What is the most expensive drying method?
- freeze drying
30
As part of product development considerations explain- bioavailibailyt/efficacy of the bioactive ingredient in the food matrix
You need to consider:
1. Bioaccessibility of the product
2. Bioavailability of the product
31
What is bioaccessibility and what component of product development is it important to?
- step 3
- comes released
- the fraction of a digested nutrient that is available for absorption in the small intestine after digestion
32
What is bioavailability and what component of product development is it important to?
- step 3
- enters circulation (absorbed)
- the fraction of a digested nutrient that is avaibile for utilization in normal physiological functions or storage in the body
33
What are some other considerations for step #3 in product development considerations
- chemical form of the bioactive
- physical form of the bioactive within the food matrix
- interactions with other ingredients
- effects of processing (heat, pH) and cooking methods. "as consumed" state
- solubility considerations, survival in GI tract, first-pass metabolism in the liver
- non-specific targeting
34
Are there multiple different effects that effect bioassessability?
- yes
35
How could you measure bioaccessbility and bioavailability in step 3 of product consideration and that is the importane of food struture?
- measure in vitro versus in vivo techniques
- importance of food stricture: cooking, processings methods
36
In step # 4 what are some effects of processing on bioavailability?
- pH
- heat
37
What step #5 of product development considerations
- product stability/shelf life considerations
38
WHat does it mean when it is asked in product development considerations: consumption patterns of intended audience
- is the carrier product a "good fit" for the nutraceutical in the minds of the consumer?
- Macronutrient considerations in terms of carrier: is it otherwise health? does that matter?
- demographics: elderly vs children
39
What is a good tactic for creating omega 3s for kids considering step 6 of product development
- audience: children
- omega 3s in gummy form
40
WHat is step #7 in product development considerations
- consumer compliance to target consumption levels and the effects of under-consumption or over-consumption
41
What does product acceptability mean for product development considerations?
- flavour (taste and aroma)
- texture
42
What is king for product development considerations
- taste
43
What is micro encapsulation?
- process by which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating,r resulting in particles or droplets in the micromillimeter size range
44
Explain research and micro encapsulation
- it is a very active area of research
- one of the biggest areas of innovation in the nutritional ingredients sector
- draws on pharmaceuticals and food sciences
- critical for function food development - compartmentalization
45
What are some improvements that are happening with micro encapsulation
- encapsulation efficiency
- nanotechnology
- controlled release-targeted delivery
46
What are some advantages of mciroencapulasation
1. To protect ingredients in the core
- sigh, oxygen, other ingredients; before and after ingestion
2. To improve handling of the material ingredients in the core
- sticky or volatile ingredients (favours)
3. To mask taste/odour of the ingreiends
- example: vitamin C
4. To allow controlled release of core ingredients
- can use different coatings or coating thickness
- heat, pH, moisture- triggered
- bioadhesive properties possible --> targeting delivery & uniform release with reduced effects due to local conditions such as pH
5. Disparate active ingredients can be coated individually
47
Explain micro encapsulation strategies
- there are a lot of types of protection the inner product
1. Reservoir devices
2. Monolithic (matrix) devices
3. Microspheres
4. Enteric coating
48
Explain nanotechnology and bioactive delivery
- nanotechnology relates to our capability to image, measure, model, control and manipulate matter at dimensions of roughly 1-100nm
49
What are some types of nanoparticles for delivery
- Micelles from surfactants
- Liposomes from polar lipid bilayers
- nanoemulsions
- polymeric nanoparticles
50
What do micelles for bioactive delivery do?
- form spontaneously when surfactants dissolve in water above the critical micelle concentration
- thermodynamically driven process
- hydrophobic core premits encapsulation of non-polar molecules
51
What are some examples of bioactive?
- limonene
- carotenoids
- omega 3 FA
- flavours, antioxidants, vitamins
52
What are liposomes
- spherical, polymoleular aggregates wth a bilayer shell
- formed polar lipids
- can be used to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds
- can contain bilayers
53
What are nano emulsions
- very fine oil-in-water emulsions
- can contain surfactants and/or polymers to promotes stability
- their small size means they: can appear clear, have different textural properties, are stable
