Production Systems 4 - 7 (2) Flashcards by Jessica Bibby

what are the problems with undersized heifers and when lactating

have more calving problems
Feto pelvic disproportion
produce less milk
greater problems getting back in calf in 1st lactation
lactating
compete poorly with older cows because still growing
use feed for growth rather than milk
more likely to be culled for poor milk yield and / or fertility.

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how long does oestrus last, and how long is the oestrus cycle

1-2hrs 28hrs followed by ovulation 12hrs later

- cycle 21 +- 3 days

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what are the ways to detect if cows on heat and what are some difficulties

At standing heat will see –
	- stand to be mounted
	- have tail hair ruffled
	- slobber on back
	- mucus on tail
	- Paint rubbed off or use of Kmar (white to pink)
Difficulties with oestrus detection –
	- cold wet weather
	- few cows cycling
	- Inattention
	- poorly trained

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what are the positives and negatives of using a bull in dairy and how to select bull

Natural service
Positives
- good heat detection low labour requirement
Negatives
- rely on bull soundness need bulls
- lower genetic progress unless have very high genetic bulls
- Venereal diseases
Bull:
size, performance, disease, preparation, numbers, age

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what are the positives and negatives of using an AI sire

positive
- increased genetic progress
- don’t need a bull
Negative 
- Conception rate is lower than natural service - 50% conception rate
- tricky heat detection, 
- labour required, 
- facilities?, synchronisation?

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what are the 2 primary indices and what do they describe

1) 6-week in-calf rate - number of cows diagnosed as becoming pregnant during 1st 6 weeks of mating divided by number of cows in herd
2) 21-week in-calf rate - number of cows which conceived during 1st 21 weeks of mating divided by number of cows in herd

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what are the 3 secondary indices and what do they describe

1) 21 Day Submission Rate - percentage of cows that received at least one insemination by three weeks after MSD
2) conception rate - percentage of services that resulted in pregnancy
3) non-return rate - estimate of conception rate based on proportion of cows for which no subsequent oestrus detected in a specified time

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National udder health program for Australian Dairy Industry what does it do

Provides set of guidelines for each period of lactation:

- what has to be done
- why it should be done
- how to do it
- how to check that it has been achieved

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what occurs in terms of mustering in northern beef farms and what occurs then

once or twice a year
generally start of dry season and then near end of dry season
need to - wean, dehorn, castrate, vaccinate, parasite treatment, spaying cows, drenching

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What are the most commonly farmed deer and in australia and what type of species where come from

Red and Reindeer (USA, Canada)
Australia
- Red, Elk, Fallow (temperate species, European)
lots of wild deer in Australia for hunting

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What are the names for the male, female and young for Red and Fallow species

Red - Stag, Hind, Calf

Fallow - Buck, Doe, Fawn

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how many deer in australia, what states are the main ones, how many in New Zealand

about 70,000
Red and Fallow main
New South Wales and Victoria
New Zealand - about 1.2 million

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What are the products from deer

venison
velvet
deer by-products (skins, tails, pizzles and sinews)

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what are some characteristics of temperate species and differences with tropical species

Tight photoperiod for antler growth and reproduction.
○ Calve Nov / Dec
Wean before rut/roar (breeding season) (variable weaning)
Winter weight loss
Double coat / open coat (no winter coat)
Strong dominance hierarchy (less aggression)
Seasonal venison - European winter through to Easter (venison not seasonal)
mainly farmed (not farmed more hunted)

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what are the main characteristics of deer and what does that mean for handling and fencing and what is herd size

athletic
- territorial
- intelligent
- easily startled
  Handling - run as group, uphill, patience, cull rogue, familiarisation
  Fencing - high fences - 2m, yard - solid wall and roof
  herd size - 20-40

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one stage with how many females, why wait until July/Sep to take stags out, how many times does valveting occur, at what age is venison sales

1 male 20-40 females
stag out - later as need to wait for testosterone levels to decrease so don’t put back into pack together
two harvests when in soft stage
venison sales - take advantage of european winter - sold 12-15 months after weaning

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what are buttons

when deer would normally shed last seasons antler (used as a weapon and display during breeding season - therefore grow in summer - peak hardness for autumn)
As we farm the antler - only disc left that falls off in September

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female reproduction in deer

seasonal polyoestrus
puberty at 15 months
most conceive first oestrus of rut
twins rare
calving difficulty rare
2nd and subsequent offspring heavier

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what occurs with male reproduction in terms of physiological changing of the rut

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neck hypertrophy
roar
antler calcification
aggression/territory
30% body weight loss - forget to eat
March - July

how to diagnose pregnancy

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trans-rectal ultrasound generally not used - just assume pregnant

velvet production when occur and who carriers it out

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Amputation of live antler prior to calcification from male deer
Must be carried out under veterinary supervision with appropriate analgesia OR by a farmer accredited through the National Velvet Accreditation Scheme

what occurs with velvetting and day length

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daylight length
○ Increased daylight = decreased testosterone = cast and new growth
○ Decreased daylight = increased testosterone =shedding of velvet and calcification

what is velvet harvesting called when does it grow, mature and cast (fall off)

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cast - July/August
- when you would get the buttons
Growth Septemeber/Janurary
Maturation Jan/Feb

procedure of velveting

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Sedation
Analgesia
Haemostasis
- racing bike inner tube - wrap around to minimise bleeding
○ Figure of 8 around both pedicles
- no more than 30 mins
- place below pedicle
Amputation
- Saw (larger antlers) / secateurs
- start laterally
- careful to not rip velvet
Aftercare
- always bleeds
- fly repellents

what are the economics around deer

get about the same return as sheep and cattle farming however need large investment to begin with as specialised equipment is being used - special automated crush, fencing, yards

what is the one species that isn't farmed and where is catfish mainly farmed

tuna has been but difficult to grow them so just caught in the wild catfish - vietnam

what are the two reasons there is an increase in need for fish

1) Population growth 2) Growing middle class in Asian countries - Amount Individuals are eating fish is increasing - Want higher quality of protein Therefore need to farm the fish - cannot take from the wild

how much of the worlds fish food production is aquaculture and what is the value of fish

over half shrimp has increased in popularity and value increase in research into diet, stocking rate but still need to produce a margin

Aquaculture production what type of fish largest and what areas and countries produce the most

Freshwater fish - carps | Asia about 90% of world aquaculture production with China about 80% of total production then indonesia and india

what are the 6 types of aquaculture areas and characteristics of them

1) Extensive - let nature take its course - stock water with fish and harvest a few years later 2) Intensive - provide full life support system for the fish - Tanks, provide water, oxygen, feed - take away if not eaten, remove faeces 3) Semi-intensive - 4) Closed - aquarium in the house 5) Open - totally wild Semi open - some control over fish but not over the environment

what are the good and bad things about extensive and intensive aquaculture systems

Extensive - low establishment costs but low production, also low production costs but low control intensive - high establishment costs with high production and high production costs, also seed stock are domesticated - important as fish are adapted to the tank environment and the commercial seed and grow better

aquaculture what is stripping and how to grade fish and why important

stripping - Kill the female and remove the eggs - eyed larvae ○ Need to test the female to diseases, if test positive for disease then destroy the eggs - Dead eggs - fungus will grow and may spread to other eggs so need to remove grading - Small fish move through small holes/ bars (how far apart do you put these?) - Larger fish cannot move through the holes - move to a different cage - In hatchery need to ensure that the fish are the same size otherwise will eat each other

what are the main fish grown in TAS, VIC, NSW, QLDS, NT, WA, SA

``` TAS - salmon, oysters VIC - mussels, murrary cod, NSW - oysters, musselc, silver perch QLDS - prawns, pearl oysters NT - Pearl oysters, prawns WA - mussels, scallops, pearl oysters SA - oysters, yellowtail kingfish Barramundi all but TAS ```

aquaculture how long as hatching occur, how does smolt occur, what is the production cycle time and how harvest

hatching - 4 weeks smolt - slowly add salt water to transport tanks production cycle - 2 years harvest - want 5Kg fish get from grading fish, use percussion stun after taken from water - less stress then cut aorta and bleed out

What are yellowtail kingfish prone to and how to treat and how housed

- Get external parasites - flukes (slow down growth) ○ Need to bathe with hydrogen peroxide (can be quite toxic) 7 day treatment Intensive system cages - port Linchon

What states would have cage systems and what fish in them

Tasmania - atlantic salmon, rainbow trout Northern territory - barramundi South Australia - yellow belly kingfish, tuna Western Australia - barramundi

what factors that the farmer can control affect growth rate of samon

1) genetics - if own hatchery 2) diseases - to an extent still are wild fish 3) nutrition - in the diet feed company but feed management total control 4) stocking density 5) predator attacks -design of the cages

what are the problems with overfeeding and list ways in which you should be able to tell

1) wastage in terms of feed 2) accumulate within the cage and causes water quality issues 1) compare feed requirement of the amount of fish have and the amount of feed given to the fish - industry standard 2) observe the fish and their behaviour while feeding - are they coming to the surface 3) observe build up of feed under cages

why is mould on fish feed bad

1) means the feed is moist 2) moulds can have toxins that can make the fish sick 3) worry about other nutritional elements of the feed - protein, vitamin C, antioxidants

commercial feed for fish what are you told and what is important with protein

use least cost formulation and not told what specifically is put into diet just % protein 1) how digestible is that protein 2) proportion of essential amino acids

Why are fish better converters of feed to meat than terrestrial animals

1) energy requirements for basic metabolism is far lower 2) energy required to fight gravity - not needed for fish 3) ammonia is efficient as removing nitrogen waste

lipids in fish diet what dependent on and what else does it provide

dependent on source of essential fatty acids 1) taste 2) antioxidants

what occurs to the farm or fish when 1) too much energy compared to protein 2) too much protein compared with energy

1) more fat less muscle | 2) wastage cost

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) what is it and what can cause it to increase

- amount of feed a farmer feeds fish divided by the amount of fish grow- efficiency of the feed could be over or under feeding fish - condition score the fish to determine

List 6 things that can effect Feed conversion ration in fish

1) genetics 2) feed management- over feeding, under feeding 3) water quality 4) the composition of the diet - digestibility 5) disease issues 6) husbandry- stocking rates

Production Systems 4 - 7 (2) Flashcards

(45 cards)