Definition of Veterinary public health..
The sum of all contributions to physical, mental and social wellbeing of humans through an understanding of Veterinary medical science
Name food borne diseases that were eradicated by control programs..
trichinellosis - parasitic disease caused by eating raw pork meat infected by larvae. Tuberculosis - Pasteurisation and control programs have led to severe reduction in prevalence Rinderpest - ‘cattle plague’, originated in asia. Has a 90% mortality rate.
Whats the definition of Veterinary epidemiology..
The study of diseases, productivity and welfare in animal populations
What date was the ‘Martins Act’ introduced and what did it state?
1822-Prevent cruelty to cattle but also included horses and sheep but not Pigs because they where being used for research.
When was the first law introduced protecting domesticated animals?
1835
When was the first cruelty to animals act introduced regulating experiments on animals and when was it ammended?
- Furthur ammended in 1986. Animal (scientific procedures) A(sp)a. Required any experiments to have a licence from the home office and be regulated by vets.
what are the 3 R’s
1) Replace - use any alternative tool apart from animals
2) reduce - Use the least amount of animals, but still enough for reliable results
3) Refine - Minimally harmful & animals life must be as enriched as possible
(4) Rehome and rehabilitate
What are the 5 Freedoms?
Freedom from: -Thirst, Hunger & malnutrition
- Discomfort
- Pain, injury & disease
- Express normal behaviour
- Fear & distress 0
What are the 3 types beef rearing systems
- Single suckling - cow rears her own calf for 5-8 months. Calf quality high & productivity is low
- Multiple suckling - Dairy cow rears her own offspring and other bought calfs. Cow productivity is high & calf quality low
- Artificial - Reared on milk substitute and concentrate ad lib. 5-6 weeks.
Describe the fattening systems in beef cattle
- Intensive - from 12 weeks of ages kept inside on concentrates. target to reach 230-260kg in 12 months
- Semi-intensive - 18 month cattle raised on silage/grass and limited concentrates. Suites calves born in autumn. First winter fe silage and 2kg of concs, graze in summer and then finished on ad lib silage and 2-4 kg of concentrates. 250-280 in 20 months
- Grass-silage- Silage and limited concs. Good quality silage will give good returns from this system. 250-280kg in 15 months
Describe nutritional requirements of pigs through their lifes
- Piglet - creep feed durinh 1 week. Must be eating solids before they are weaned
- Weaners- First meal critical. food offered constantly. Ensure that constant lighting during first 48 hours as they wont eat in the dark. Possible to lose weight in first 2 weeks
- Weaners/rearers/finishers - Phase feeding to allow specific requirements to be met, reduce in costs.
- Phase I - 7-10 days after weaning (3 weeks) fed pellets 20-22% CP and 1.45% lysine
- Phase II - 1-2 weeks after phase I, pellets 18-20% CP and 1.35% lysine.
- Phase III - begins at 11kg and ends at 20kg. pellets of 18-20% CP and 1.1% lysine.
- Sows fed 1.1-1.4kg for every 45kg. Also require 0.45kg for every suckling piglet.
Key points of layer production
- 16-20 weeks between birth and first lay
- 298-324 eggs for 52 week laying period
- Can have more than one cycle, but egg production steadily decreases
What is the composition of milk, expected Milk yield per year, peak milk yield and peak voluntary intake?
Milk composition
- 87% water
- 4% Fat
- 4% Protein
- 5% Lactose
expected milk yield of 7000L per year with peak milk yield occuring at 5-7 weeks post-partum. Peak voluntary feed intake at 10-12 weeks
What is the profitability lifetime index (PLI£)
Genetic ranking of bulls taking into account desired traits in offspring e.g
- Fertility
- Milk Yield
- Good udder/foot health
- improved calving performane
Key figures about diary cows
- Lactation period - 305 days
- open period (calving to reconception) - 12 weeks
- Gestation - 280
- Length of oeustrus cycle - 21 days
- Length of oestrus - 17 hours
- Ovulation - 10-15 hours after oestrus
- Puberty - 4-24 months
Why use AI and embryo transfer? also how is synchronisation achieved?
- AI and Embryo transfer allow for many offspring from one genetically important parent
- AI advantages include not having to have a resident bull, sex select semen, less inbreeding and less stds
- Synchronisation - Intravaginal progesterone to delay ovulation. Then prostaglandins are injected to cause luteolysis. GnRH then injected to cause ovulation. Allows for farmer to coincide calving with peak grass growth and also shorten the calvin season for labour efficiency.
When do changes in diet have to occur in cows?
- 3 weeks pre-partum, increase in concentrates to allow gut flora to adapt to diet. reduces risk of ketosis associated with high grain diet post partum.
- Also decrease cows cations in diet and increase anions, causing for a acidic PH of blood. This causes mobilisation of Ca stores in bones, reducing incidence of milk fever.
- High concentration diet in the first 6 weeks after parturition, to ensure maximum peak yields are achieved weeks 5-7. can cause rumen acidosis.
Why do cheap milk replacers cause diarrhoea
- Low digestibility of plant carbohydrates
- High intake of soy bean proteins
Closure of gut wall at 11 hours to uptake large proteins. therefore colostrum must be taken up by then, own Ig’s produced at 4 weeks.
What are the vital signs of Cats, Dogs & neonates
Vital signs
Dog
Cat
Neonates
Body temperature
38.3 - 38.9
38 - 38.5
34.6 - 36.1
Heart rate
60-180 per min
110 - 180 per min
220 per min
Respiration rate
10-30 per min
20 - 30 per min
15-35 per min
Body weight
3-70kg
3-6kg
Pups - double birth weight in 1 week
Kitten - 15g a day for 1st week
what do the terms Pyrexia, Bradycardia, Tachycardia, Brachypnoea & tachypnoea mean?
- Pyrexia - Fever
- Bradycardia - High heart rate
- Tachycardia - Low heart rate
- Bradypnoea - High temperature
- tachypnoea - Low temperature
Why is taurine an essential AA for cats
- Can not synthesize taurine from methionine like other animals, only obtained from meat
- Also other species can use glycine for bile salts, cats can only use taurine, therefore leads to increased need for taurine in cats
- defeciency can cause reprodcutive failure, retina degeneration and cardiomyopathy
Describe reproduction cycle of bitch
Sexually mature 6-9 months & gestation of 65 days. Monoestrus
- Proestrus (9 days) - Release pheremones to attract males but dont accept. Vulval swelling and bloody discharge. Ovulation 10-14 days after onset.
- Oestrus (9days) - Accepts males and discharge becomes clear
- Metoestrus (55days) - refusing to mate. Vulval swelling and discharge decreases
- Anoestrus - sexually inactive (sept - feb)
Describe reproduction cycle of Queen
Sexual maturity at 6-9 months. gestation length of 65 days. Cats are Seasonally polyoestrus.
- Proestrus (1-2 days) - start calling for mate but won’t accept male
- Oestrus (4-10 days) - Increased vocalisation, friendly behaviour and rolling around. accepts male and ovulates 24 hours after mating.
- Interoestrus (1-2 weeks) - In the abscence of mating,returns to proestrus
- Dioestrus - If mating was not successful, ovulation occurs and last 5-7 weeks. Or if mating successful, queen is pregnant
- *
Explain the stages in parturition of dogs and cats
- 12-36hrs (12-24hrs in queen) onset of uterine contractions
- 6-12hrs - expulsion of foetus. feotus every 1/2 hours
- 15-20 mins - expulsion of the foetal membranes. discharge is green in bitch and brown in queen
- Reproductive tract returns to normal within 4-6 weeks.
