What was Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”?
His Progressive domestic program promising fairness to all groups—business, labor, consumers, and the environment.
What were the four key points of the Square Deal?
Labor: Supported workers’ rights and fair arbitration (e.g., 1902 Coal Strike). Business: Regulated corporations to prevent monopolies (“trust-busting”). Consumers: Protected the public through food and drug laws. Environment: Conserved natural resources with national parks and forests.
How did Roosevelt enforce the Square Deal?
Through government regulation (Sherman Antitrust Act), creation of the FDA, and conservation policies via the U.S. Forest Service.
Who were the Muckrakers?
Investigative journalists exposing corruption, poor living conditions, and abuses during the Progressive Era.
Name some famous Muckrakers and their works.
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (meatpacking industry) Ida Tarbell: History of the Standard Oil Company (corporate monopolies) Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (urban poverty)
What is Socialism?
An economic system advocating collective or governmental ownership of major industries to distribute wealth more equally.
How did socialism relate to early 1900s America?
It gained popularity among workers seeking fair wages and conditions, though it faced strong opposition.
What does “self-determination” mean?
The right of nations or peoples to govern themselves without external control.
When did the idea of self-determination rise in U.S. policy?
Prominently during and after WWI, especially in Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
What were the Palmer Raids (1919–1920)?
Government crackdowns on suspected radicals and immigrants during the First Red Scare after WWI.
What caused the Palmer Raids?
Fear of communist revolution after the Russian Revolution and domestic anarchist bombings.
What was the result of the Palmer Raids?
Thousands arrested or deported, often without evidence or trial—violating civil liberties.
Who was Karl Marx?
A 19th-century German philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto.
What was Karl Marx’s main idea?
History is driven by class struggle between workers (proletariat) and owners (bourgeoisie), leading to eventual revolution.
What is Communism?
A political and economic ideology aiming for a classless society where all property and production are commonly owned.
How does communism differ from socialism?
Communism abolishes private property entirely; socialism allows some private enterprise within collective control.
What is Fascism?
A far-right authoritarian ideology emphasizing nationalism, militarism, and loyalty to a dictatorial leader over individual rights.
Which countries adopted fascism in the early 20th century?
Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler.
What is The Communist Manifesto(1848)?
A pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels calling for workers to unite and overthrow capitalist systems.
Why was The Communist Manifesto influential?
It became the foundation of modern communist ideology worldwide.
What was the IWW?
The Industrial Workers of the World, a radical labor union founded in 1905 (“Wobblies”) that sought to unite all workers into one big union.
What made the IWW different from the AFL?
It included unskilled laborers, immigrants, and minorities, pushing for revolutionary worker control of industry.
Who were the three Progressive Presidents and what were they known for?
Theodore Roosevelt: Trust-busting, conservation, Square Deal William Howard Taft: Broke more trusts than Roosevelt, strengthened regulation Woodrow Wilson: Federal Reserve, antitrust acts, and World War I leadership
What did the 16th Amendment do(1913)?
Authorized Congress to collect a federal income tax.
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Introduction5
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Colonial America25
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Colonial America - Terms13
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Pre Revolution30
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Pre Revolution - Terms9
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Revolution71
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Revolution 2.029
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Post Revolution25
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Post Revolution - Terms8
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Reconstruction21
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Gilded Age21
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Progressive Era32
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Assimilation and Allotment Era21
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Imperialism12
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Isolationism17
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The New Deal16
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Post WWII7
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Civil Rights19
