1
Q
What was progressivism?
A
A reform movement (late 1800s–WWI) that aimed to fix problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.
2
Q
What did progressives believe about society?
A
That society could improve through reform and government action.
3
Q
What ideas did progressives reject?
A
Laissez-faire and Social Darwinism.
4
Q
What was the antimonopoly impulse?
A
The belief that big businesses and trusts had too much power and needed regulation.
5
Q
What role did the federal government gain during this era?
A
It expanded and became more involved in regulating society and the economy.
6
Q
Who were muckrakers?
A
Journalists who exposed corruption and social problems.
7
Q
Who exposed Standard Oil?
A
Ida Tarbell.
8
Q
What did Tarbell’s work lead to?
A
Public anger toward monopolies and support for trust-busting.
9
Q
Who wrote The Shame of the Cities?
A
Lincoln Steffens.
10
Q
What did Steffens expose?
A
Corruption in city governments and political machines.
11
Q
What was the Social Gospel?
A
A religious movement that applied Christian teachings to social reform.
12
Q
Who was a major Social Gospel leader?
A
Walter Rauschenbusch.
13
Q
What did Social Gospel supporters focus on?
A
Helping the urban poor and fixing social injustice.
14
Q
What organization helped the urban poor?
A
The Salvation Army.
15
Q
What was the goal of settlement houses?
A
To help immigrants adjust to American life.
16
Q
Who founded Hull House?
A
Jane Addams.
17
Q
Where was Hull House located?
A
Chicago, Illinois.
18
Q
What profession grew from settlement houses?
A
Social work.
19
Q
What was the new middle class?
A
Educated professionals like doctors, lawyers, and managers.
20
Q
What did the American Medical Association do?
A
Set standards for medical education and licensing.
21
Q
Why were licensing laws passed?
A
To make professions more skilled and respected.
22
Q
What was a negative effect of professional standards?
A
They sometimes excluded women and minorities.
23
Q
Why were women important in reform movements?
A
They led clubs, settlement houses, and suffrage efforts.
24
Q
What was the New Woman?
A
An educated, independent woman involved in public life.
25
What were Boston marriages?
Long-term relationships between unmarried women.
26
What was the General Federation of Women’s Clubs?
A national organization coordinating women’s reform clubs.
27
What was the National Association of Colored Women?
A reform organization for African American women.
28
What was the Women’s Trade Union League?
A group that supported women workers and labor unions.
29
What did the suffrage movement want?
The right for women to vote.
30
Who was a leader of NAWSA?
Carrie Chapman Catt.
31
Who also led NAWSA?
Anna Howard Shaw.
32
What was NAWSA?
The National American Woman Suffrage Association.
33
Who led the National Woman’s Party?
Alice Paul.
34
What amendment gave women the right to vote?
The Nineteenth Amendment.
35
When was the 19th Amendment ratified?
1920
36
What was the secret ballot?
Government-printed ballots voted privately.
37
What was the initiative?
Citizens propose laws directly.
38
What was the referendum?
Citizens vote on laws passed by the legislature.
39
What was the recall?
Voters remove elected officials from office.
40
What was the direct primary?
Voters choose party candidates directly.
41
What was the commission plan?
A small elected board ran the city.
42
What was the city-manager plan?
A hired expert managed city government.
43
What city first adopted the commission plan?
Galveston, Texas.
44
Who was a reform mayor of Cleveland?
Tom L. Johnson.
45
Who was Wisconsin’s famous progressive governor?
Robert M. La Follette.
46
Why was Wisconsin called a laboratory of democracy?
It tested progressive reforms.
47
Who was California’s progressive governor?
Hiram Johnson.
48
Who was New Jersey’s progressive governor before becoming president?
Woodrow Wilson.
49
What did progressives regulate at the state level?
Railroads, utilities, labor conditions, and taxes.
50
What was the American Federation of Labor’s attitude toward reform?
Focused mainly on wages and working conditions, not broad political reform.
51
What tragedy led to labor reform in New York?
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (1911).
52
What did the Triangle Fire reveal?
Unsafe factory conditions.
53
Who helped pass labor reforms after the fire?
Al Smith and Robert F. Wagner.
54
What happened to voter turnout in the Progressive Era?
It declined.
55
Why did turnout decline?
Weaker parties and the secret ballot reduced party control.
56
What replaced strong political parties?
Interest groups.
57
What are interest groups?
Organizations that push specific causes and policies.
58
What was social justice?
Justice for society as a whole, not just individuals.
59
What was the role of expertise in progressivism?
Experts and professionals were trusted to solve problems.
60
How did progressives view industrialization?
As needing regulation and reform.
61
How did progressivism affect women?
Expanded their public role and won suffrage.
62
How did progressivism change government?
Made it more democratic and more involved in the economy.
63
What was a criticism of progressivism?
It sometimes excluded minorities and immigrants.
64
What was the goal of trust-busting?
Break up or regulate monopolies.
65
What role did cities play in reform?
They were testing grounds for political and social change.
66
What role did states play in reform?
Passed major labor and political reforms.
67
What was progressivism’s time period?
Roughly the 1890s to World War I.
68
What world event shifted focus away from progressive reform?
World War I.
69
Did progressives support stronger government?
Yes, to regulate business and improve society.
70
Overall goal of the Progressive movement?
To create a fairer, more efficient, and more democratic society.
71
How did progressives differ from Populists?
Progressives were mostly middle-class reformers focused on efficiency and regulation, while Populists were largely farmers seeking radical economic changes like free silver.
72
Why did progressives oppose Social Darwinism?
They rejected the idea that poverty was caused by natural inferiority and instead believed it resulted from social and environmental conditions.
73
How did industrialization contribute to progressivism?
Rapid industrial growth created unsafe working conditions, monopolies, and urban poverty that reformers sought to regulate.
74
What role did urbanization play in sparking reform?
Overcrowded cities with poor sanitation, crime, and political corruption led reformers to push for municipal change.
75
Why did progressives value scientific management?
They believed expert analysis and efficiency could solve social and economic problems.
76
How did progressives change the role of the presidency?
They expanded executive power, especially under Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, to promote reform legislation.
77
What was the purpose of regulating public utilities?
To prevent companies from overcharging consumers for essential services like water, electricity, and transportation.
78
Why were railroad regulations important to progressives?
Railroads were powerful monopolies that often overcharged farmers and small businesses.
79
How did progressive reforms affect child labor?
Many states passed laws limiting child labor and setting minimum working ages.
80
What was workmen’s compensation?
A system requiring employers to provide payments to workers injured on the job.
81
Why did progressives support graduated income taxes?
They believed wealthy individuals should pay a higher percentage of taxes to promote fairness.
82
How did reformers attempt to reduce corruption in elections?
They introduced secret ballots, direct primaries, and stricter campaign finance laws.
83
Why was the recall controversial?
Critics argued it weakened stability in government by allowing voters to remove officials before their terms ended.
84
How did progressives view political machines?
They saw them as corrupt systems that traded jobs and services for votes.
85
Why did settlement house workers study sociology?
They believed understanding social conditions scientifically would lead to better reform solutions.
86
How did women justify their involvement in politics?
Many argued their maternal roles gave them special moral authority to improve society.
87
Why did suffragists link voting rights to temperance?
They believed women voters would support prohibition and moral reform laws.
88
How did World War I help the suffrage movement?
Women’s contributions to the war effort strengthened arguments for granting them the vote.
89
What opposition did suffragists face?
Critics argued women voting would disrupt traditional gender roles and family life.
90
Why did some suffragists oppose protective labor laws for women?
They feared such laws reinforced the idea that women were weaker and unequal to men.
91
How did African American reformers differ from white progressives?
They focused more directly on civil rights, anti-lynching laws, and ending segregation.
92
Why was the Niagara Movement significant?
It demanded immediate civil rights and opposed gradual approaches to racial equality.
93
How did the NAACP fight discrimination?
It used court cases to challenge segregation and voting restrictions.
94
What was the significance of Guinn v. United States (1915)?
The Supreme Court struck down the grandfather clause that limited Black voting rights.
95
Why did lynching remain a major issue during the Progressive Era?
Southern states often refused to prosecute lynchers, prompting calls for federal anti-lynching laws.
96
How did progressive reforms impact education?
States expanded public schooling and improved standards for teacher training.
97
Why did progressives push for factory inspections?
To ensure safer working environments after tragedies like the Triangle Fire.
98
How did the Triangle Fire influence public opinion?
It shocked Americans and increased support for workplace safety regulations.
99
Why did voter turnout decline despite democratic reforms?
Weakened party loyalty and complex ballots reduced political engagement.
100
How did interest groups change American politics?
They shifted influence from party machines to organized advocacy groups.
101
Why were western progressives focused on federal power?
The federal government controlled much of the land and resources in western states.
102
How did water rights disputes affect western reform?
Conflicts over rivers crossing state lines required federal regulation.
103
Why did progressives believe in moral reform?
They thought improving personal behavior would strengthen society as a whole.
104
How did temperance reformers connect alcohol to poverty?
They believed drinking wasted wages and caused domestic violence.
105
Why did prohibition gain support during World War I?
Anti-German sentiment targeted German-owned breweries and promoted moral unity.
106
What was the Eighteenth Amendment?
The constitutional amendment that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
107
Why did prohibition face opposition?
Many immigrants and working-class Americans saw it as an attack on their culture.
108
How did progressives view immigration?
Some supported helping immigrants adjust, while others wanted restrictions.
109
What was the broader goal of social democracy worldwide?
To improve living conditions through government reform rather than revolution.
110
How did progressive reforms reflect faith in government?
Reformers believed government could actively improve economic and social conditions.
111
Why did progressives criticize laissez-faire capitalism?
They believed unregulated markets created inequality and corruption.
112
How did professionalization affect social status?
It elevated educated experts while limiting entry for marginalized groups.
113
What role did universities play in progressivism?
They trained experts and produced research to guide reform policies.
114
How did progressive reforms attempt to create efficiency?
They reorganized city governments and introduced trained managers.
115
Why did progressives believe in data and statistics?
They saw measurable evidence as essential for crafting effective laws.
116
How did reformers attempt to protect children?
They created child labor laws and established agencies like the Children’s Bureau.
117
Why did many progressives support women’s maternal roles?
They framed reform work as an extension of women’s responsibilities in the home.
118
How did progressive taxation support reform efforts?
It provided government revenue to fund social programs.
119
Why did progressives see democracy as needing improvement?
They believed political machines and corporate influence undermined true representation.
120
Overall, how did progressivism transform American government?
It expanded government regulation, increased democratic participation, and strengthened executive leadership.
APUSH
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