Creatine monohydrate:
structure, synthesis, sources non sport
- Endogenous: arginine, glycine and methionine in liver, kidneys and pancreas
- exogenous: can be taken as a supplement or found in foods like meat, fish, and poultry
- supports cognitive function in older adults
- 5g/day supplementation is safe
- 1-3g made endogenously + exogenously replenishes lost CM in urine
CM drug testing, rate of intake in sport, risks, rationale
-Not on Wada list or ABP
- 20g/day x5day for loading
- could cause muscle cramping, nausea, and water retention (causing weight gain)
- Rationale: creatine monohydrate => H2O + Creatine => Creatine phosphate (high energy yielding fuel substrate)
- supplementing with CM => inc energy for 3-90 sec energy system (high intensity low duration)
Anabolic Steroids: structure/synthesis, sources non-sport, safe rate non-sport
- Modified synthetic structure of testosterone; testosterone is produced in the pituitary gland (converting androstenedione –> testosterone in testes)
- AS binds to adrenergic receptors and converts dihydrotestosterone in testes
- Used to treat Obstructive pulmonary disease ~100mg/week for men
AS drug test, risks, rate in sport, rationale
- Yes, WADA uses steroidal markers (testosterone, androsterone, 5Adiol) in urine tests, in the S1 section.
- Yes, on ABP. Values of testosterone < 1ng/mL; androsterone <500ng/mL adn 5Adiol<10ng/mL
- Sport intake is > 200mg/day dependent on type of AS.
- Inc risk of tendon rupture, plasma lipoprotein inc, endocrine and reproductive damage
Caffeine: structure/synthesis, sources non-sport, safe rate non-sport
- Exogenous: xanthine-alkaloid in coffee/tea plants (not in humans)
- Consumed thru coffee, tea, chocolate; stimulating the CNS inc energy and attention
- Medically used for headaches (found in acetaminophen (tylenol) and asprin)
- Safe rate 80-400mg/day
Caffeine: Drug test, safe rate sport, risks, rationale
- not on WADA or ABP
- 3-6mg/kg caffeine inc sports performance with no limit
- Risks: insomnia, anxiety, addiction
- Improves performance and attention/focus in exercise by stimulating CNS
- Inc the Ca2+ uptake in muscle cells, inc cAMP, and inc release of dopamine and NE by inhibiting adenosine receptors
Amphetamines: structure, synthesis, source non-sport, rate non-sport
- CNS stimulants 2 methyl groups + amine group + Acarbon
- Synthesis = Phenylacetone + formamide = amphetamines
- synthetic drugs - not nutritional or found in any natural foods - Dextroamphetamine is used to treat ADHD, Narcolepsy, and mood disorders
-5-20mg lasts 30-90 minutes inc alertness, wakefulness, inc work capacity and dec muscle fatigue
Amphetamines: drug test, rate in sport, risks, and rationale
- Yes WADA - over 25microg/mL in C6 on the list
- Yes on ABP - in urine, or blood sample
- 5-20mg for a 30-90misn effect
- Risks: Serotonin Syndrome: too much serotonin is released in the brain (drug-induced) and causes serotonin toxicity
- inc BP and HR, insomnia, convulsions, paranoia, and ruptured blood vessels. Long term: dyskinesia, schizophrenia, damage of nerves
-Rationale: inc dopamine, NE (norepinephrine), and serotonin => inc alertness, competitiveness, and aggressiveness, dec fatigue. Also showed to inc endurance exercise performance (dec exertion)
