1
Q
True or False: Even after an IEP Team determines that a child qualifies for special education, parents may refuse special education services for their child.
A
True
2
Q
True or False: IDEIA requires each child with disabilities be provided the best possible or “most perfect” education suited to his or her needs.
A
False; “most appropriate”
3
Q
Under IDEIA, states must actively seek to locate and identify all children with disabilities within the state. This is the child find requirement.
A
True
4
Q
True or False: PARC was the court case that won access to the public school programs for retarded children and signaled a broader definition of “education.”
A
True
5
Q
True or False: IDEIA is a fully funded federal statute (i.e., the federal government provides all of the money needed by states to educate students with disabilities).
A
False; a federal law that requires states to provide SPED services with partial federal funding
6
Q
True or False: To be eligible for special education services under IDEIA, it must be determined that the student has a disability as defined by one of 13 disability categories.
A
True
7
Q
True or False: According to IDEIA, the IEP needs to be reviewed at least once every three years
A
False; yearly review
8
Q
True or False: Zero reject principle requires states to locate & evaluate pupils with disabilities and provide them with full education opportunity, regardless of the severity of disability
A
True
9
Q
True or False: The Rowley case interpreted IDEA to ensure only an education program reasonably designed to benefit the student, not the best possible education.
A
True
10
Q
True or False: According to IDEIA, if a child is classified as learning disabled, then he/she must be placed in a classroom for children with learning disabilities.
A
False; LRE
11
Q
_____ was the court case that won access to the public school programs for children with mental retardation and signaled a broader definition of education.
A
PARC (Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children)
12
Q
_________ was the court ruling that the WISC, WISC-R, and Stanford-Binet do not result in racially biased eligibility decisions for African-American children when used in conjunction
with other assessment procedures.
A
PASE V. Hannon
13
Q
The California State Department of Education issued a directive that individually-administered intelligence tests were not to be used for the assessment of any African- American child referred for special education. This directive was the direct result of the _____ court case.
A
Larry P. v. Riles
14
Q
Which of the following best describes “appropriate education” under IDEIA?
A
A Chevy, not a Cadillac
15
Q
According to Rowley Supreme Court decision, IDEIA:
A
assures only an education reasonably designed to confer benefit
16
Q
In determining the LRE, CSE’s must consider:
A
placement decision making must begin with the assumption that the child with disabilities can be educated in the general education classroom
17
Q
In accordance with the Holland case, the IEP team may consider the following factors in determining the least restrictive appropriate environment?
A
Social benefit, the impact of the child’s behavior on the teacher and the learning of other students, and the educational benefit
18
Q
The response-to-intervention model for identifying children with severe reading learning disabilities K-4 requires schools to document:
A
achievement below expectations for age/grade level and a slow rate of learning even after research-based interventions are put in place
19
Q
True of False: Under IDEIA, states must offer special education and related services to students with severe disabilities, regardless of their ability to benefit. This is the zero reject principle
A
True
20
Q
True or False: Prior to the 1960s, institutionalization was the recommended treatment for children with severe disabilities.
A
True
21
Q
True or False: Children with severe disabilities are not eligible for special education under IDEIA if they are unable to benefit from the instruction
A
False; all children with disabilities, including those with severe disabilities, are entitled to FAPE
22
Q
True or False: A DSM-5 diagnosis may assist in determining eligibility under IDEIA-Part B, but it is neither legally required by federal law nor sufficient to determine whether a student is eligible for special education under IDEIA-Part B.
A
True
23
Q
True or False: Under IDEIA, the “stay put” rule means that, once a child is found eligible for special education, the child must “stay” in special education even if the parent no longer consents to the placement and services
A
False; “stay put” rule means that when a dispute arises over a child’s special education placement, the child generally remains in their current educational placement until the dispute is resolved
24
Q
True or False: If a hearing officer requests an independent evaluation of a child with a suspected disability, the evaluation is done at no cost to the parents.
A
True
25
True or False: The teacher and/or the school are legally accountable if the child does not achieve his/her IEP objectives
False; progress is expected but it does not guarantee specific outcomes
26
True or False: IDEIA-Part B requires each child with disabilities be provided the best possible or "most perfect" education suited to his or her needs.
False; "most appropriate"
27
True or False: As foreshadowed in the Rowley Supreme Court decision, schools, not parents, have the authority to select specific instructional methodologies as long as the methods chosen are considered to be acceptable evidence-based practices.
True
28
True or False: Even after an IEP Team determines that a child qualifies for special education, parents may refuse special education services for their child
True
29
True or False: Parents are typically required to exhaust administrative remedies (e.g., due process hearings) before filing a lawsuit against the school under IDEIA.
True
30
True or False: Court rulings suggest that a student’s academic progress is “the litmus test” for eligibility for special education services.
False; eligibility for special education under IDEIA is not solely based on a student’s academic progress.
31
True or False: There is no precise, widely-accepted standard for determining whether a student is “in need of” special education under IDEIA.
True
32
True or False: A medical diagnosis is required by federal law for determining whether a child is eligible for special education and related services under IDEIA-Part B.
False; Eligibility is based on whether the child has a disability that adversely affects educational performance and requires specially designed instruction, regardless of a formal medical diagnosis.
33
Consistent with _________, a school psychologist is obligated to seek parent consent prior to beginning an individual school psychological assessment of a child with a suspected disability.
Codes of ethics, IDEIA, and standards for professional practice
34
According to the text, psychologists must strive to ensure that psychoeducational evaluations are:
useful, fair, and valid
35
Preschoolers with hearing impairments are sometimes mis-classified as mentally impaired. This diagnostic error most likely occurs because assessment teams fail to conduct an evaluation that is:
comprehensive
36
Response-to-intervention, criterion-referenced testing, and curriculum-based assessment strategies have gained popularity because school psychologists are ethically and legally obligated to ensure assessments are:
useful
37
In selecting a test, the psychologist has a responsibility to ensure that the normative sample is:
representative of the target population, appropriate for the child being evaluated, and recent
38
In order to conduct a nonbiased assessment, the practitioner should:
select tests that provide evidence to show there is no test bias in terms of differential content, predictive, or construct validity.
39
Education law and NASP’s code of ethics obligate school psychologists to:
use a problem-solving process to develop interventions consistent with data collected AND give preference to interventions reported in the research literature and found to be effective.
40
If parents request an evaluation of their child during the RTI process to determine whether their child has a disability under IDEA or Section 504 and the school decides to not evaluate the student:
the school must provide parents written notice of its refusal to evaluate along with information describing parent rights to challenge that decision.
41
School psychologists employed by the schools are viewed differently in law than psychologists in private practice. School-based practitioners must:
- adhere to school policies and procedures in handling students who may be a danger to self or others rather than taking unilateral action.
- place a high priority on parent involvement
- take reasonable steps to protect all students from harm, not just their own clients
42
In Pesce v. Sterling Morton High School District 201, the court held that _____ outweighs any right to confidentiality of the school psychologist-client relationship.
the duty to protect children by reporting suspected child abuse
43
True or False: Research suggests that the provision of academic and behavior interventions to students who are struggling in the general education classroom is a safeguard against inappropriate referral for special education eligibility evaluation.
True
44
True or False: In emergency situations, it is permissible to by-pass parental consent to provide psychological assistance
True
45
True or False: When child abuse is suspected, school personnel should investigate and be certain that it took place before contacting child protective services.
False; School personnel are mandated reporters, which means that if they suspect child abuse, they must report it to child protective services immediately
46
True or False: Schools may require a pupil to take Ritalin as a precondition for attendance.
False; Schools cannot require a student to take medication
47
True or False: According to your text, providing advice on how to use a condom to a minor in a school setting is probably permissible unless it conflicts with state or local policies
True
48
Hobson vs. Hannon, 1967
Tracking is not ok
49
PARC vs. PA (1971, 1972)
MR students, FAPE, parents rights
50
Mills vs. BOE of DC (1972)
Right to SPED for all disabilities (including behavior and LD)
51
Rowley (1982)
LRE, individual decisions, service not location
52
Ronker (1983)
What is appropriate? Chevy not Cadillac
53
Larry P. vs. Riles (1984)
Tests for SPED must be non-discriminatory
54
Honig vs. Doe (1988)
Manifestation hearing for discipline
55
Endrew (2017)
IEP must provide more than minimal progress
56
A.J.T v. Osseo Area Schools (2025)
Standard for proving discrimination is "deliberate indifference"
57
Who counts as homeless under the McKinney-Vento Homeless Education Assistance Act?
A child or youth who:
- Lacks a stable or adequate nighttime residence (substandard housing)
- Shares housing due to financial hardship
- Lives in shelters, hotels, motels, or public places not meant for sleeping
- Is unaccompanied or awaiting foster care
- Is abandoned in a hospital
- Is a migrant child meeting any of the above
58
Who must be on a IEP/CSE (Committee on Special Education) team?
- Parent(s)
- Regular education teacher
- Special education teacher/service provider
- School psychologist
- LEA rep (knows curriculum/resources)
- Person to interpret evaluations (may be one of the school personnel described)
- School physician (if requested 72 hrs. prior)
- Others with relevant expertise (as needed)
59
Parental due process rights under Part 200 & IDEIA
- Be informed & participate
- Give/withdraw consent
- Challenge CSE decisions
- File complaints & appeals
- Mediation & impartial hearing
- Stay put during disputes
- Request independent evaluation
- Request attorney’s fees
60
Written notice is required for:
- Receipt of referral
- Meetings (who will be participating)
- CSE recommendations
- BOE recommendations
- Re-evaluation
61
Written consent is required for:
- Initial placement
- Change of placement
- Re-evaluation
- Release of records (except for releasing records to other schools)
62
Key NYS CSE/CPSE Timeline
1. Referral → Eval notice: 60 calendar days
2. Consent → Evaluations done
3. CSE/CPSE meeting & recommendations: 60 school days
4. BOE review → Parent notified
5. Consent to place & placement initiated: within 60 school days
63
3 Requirements for CSE Referral
1. RFR and supporting records/tests
2. Describe in writing, interventions tried (or why none)
3. Parental contact/involvement
64
What does a referral to the CSE mean?
there is reason to believe that a student may have a disability that adversely affects educational performance
65
What must K-4 reading referrals document?
Research-based interventions
66
How must parents be notified to provide consent to conduct an evaluation?
In writing
67
What must be documented about pre-referral interventions?
- services/program/methods tried
- K–4 reading
- Supplementary aids/supports or reasons none were used
68
Goals of RTI
- Prevent problems & close skill gaps early
- Provide early interventions
- Inform SLD eligibility using student response data
69
What may result in referral to SPED?
Pattern of inadequate response to interventions
70
True or False: When students or parents are in need of psychological services, school psychology practitioners are ethically obligated to identify alternative sources of assistance available in the community.
True
71
True or False: It is generally appropriate and beneficial for the school psychologist to step into the role of therapist to a teacher experiencing personal emotional problems.
False; it is not appropriate
72
True or False: In situations where there is a potential conflict of interests, practitioners should ask their supervisor to assign a different psychologist
True
73
True or False: If a child is age-eligible for school entry in his or her district, the district must offer an educational program at no cost to the parent whether or not the child is “ready” for kindergarten
True
74
True or False: Research has consistently shown that assignment to self contained classes based on ability level improves school achievement of low-ability students.
False; Inclusive settings with appropriate supports are often more effective.
75
True or False: In Baker v. Owen (1975), the Supreme Court held that schools may use reasonable corporal punishment for disciplinary purposes despite parental objections to its use
True
76
True or False: In Ingraham v. Wright (1977), the Supreme Court held that corporal punishment of students is a violation of a child’s constitutional rights under the Eighth Amendment
False; Supreme Court ruled that corporal punishment in public schools does not violate the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
77
True or False: When interviewed by the media following a school violence incident, school psychologists should disclose what they know about the parties involved in the incident because the public has a right to know
False; School psychologists should not disclose confidential information about students or staff
78
True or False: In accordance with federal law, all schools are required to provide specialized education to gifted and talented students
False; does not require schools to provide specialized education for gifted and talented students
79
True or False: According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), no cases of HIV transmission in day care settings or schools have been reported world-wide
False
80
Minimal competency tests are legally permissible if there is _____.
instructional validity, reasonable notice, and curricular validity
81
Which is the most appropriate use of a score on a developmental screening test?
To identify children in need of further evaluation
82
Grade retention is the popular practice of requiring a student to repeat a grade due to poor academic achievement. Studies of this practice have found:
no lasting benefits
83
Goss v. Lopez (1975) was an important Supreme Court decision that held that:
education is a state-created property right & students may not be suspended without some sort of due process
84
A short-term suspension of 10 days or less legally requires:
notice of the charges and the opportunity to be heard
85
A manifest determination review involves:
examining the relationship between a child’s disability and the behavior that results in a disciplinary action
86
In a school psychologist–parent relationship, a conflict of interest occurs if the psychologist’s own interests impair his or her _____ in delivering services.
competence, objectivity, and effectiveness
87
A school psychologist acting as a consultant is ethically obligated to refer the consultee to another professional when:
- a conflict of interest arises that negatively impacts the effectiveness of the psychologist as consultant.
- it becomes apparent during the consultative process that another professional is better able to assist the consultee.
- the consultee has personal, emotional difficulties that interfere with effective functioning
88
Consistent with the principle of responsible caring, school psychologists who give in-service workshops to teachers should:
- provide a planned follow-up.
- ensure there are no unintended negative consequences for students.
- view in-service as a means and not an end
89
It is permissible to breach confidentiality of a consultant–consultee relationship when:
the consultee “chronically and stubbornly” persists in actions harmful or potentially harmful to the student despite the consultant’s warnings and efforts to change those behaviors
90
Describe the types of information that should be given to parents in seeking informed consent to conduct a psychoeducational evaluation of their son or daughter
- reasons for the assessment
- what the assessment results will be used for
- the types of records that will be created
- who will have access to those records
91
What are the types of information that should be provided to the student?
- the score and nature of the assessment process by the SP in a manner that is understood by the student
- how the assessment results will be used
- who will receive the information
- possible implications of results
92
Multitiered system of support (MTSS)
An educational, three-tier service delivery model in which all students are provided academic and behavioral supports that are matched to need and skill level
93
What was the key issue in Massy v. Banning (2003)?
A student claimed he was denied equal educational opportunities due to unequal treatment by school officials.
94
How did the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause apply in Massy v. Banning?
The student argued the school treated him differently without valid justification, violating his right to equal protection
95
In Massy v. Banning, was the focus on discrimination or harassment?
Discrimination—unequal treatment based on a protected characteristic, not ongoing hostile behavior
96
What was the key issue in Nabozny v. Podlesny (1996)?
A gay student was repeatedly harassed, and the school failed to intervene, creating an unsafe environment.
97
How did the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause apply in Nabozny v. Podlesny
The school violated equal protection by allowing harassment based on sexual orientation, denying the student equal access to education.
98
In Nabozny v. Podlesny, was the focus on discrimination or harassment?
Harassment—persistent hostile behavior creating a discriminatory environment
99
What is discrimination?
Unequal treatment based on a protected characteristic.
100
What is harassment?
Ongoing hostile behavior that may create a discriminatory environment.
101
What do Massy v. Banning and Nabozny v. Podlesny teach about schools’ legal responsibilities?
Schools must provide equal protection and prevent both direct discrimination and harassment to maintain a safe, equitable educational setting.
102
Passive and implied consent
not types of consent- consent for research is never passive or implied
103
Notice-with-opt-out
the parent is forewarned of pending school actions and that the parent may remove their child from the research activity
104
Consent
what a person may do autonomously
105
Permission
what a person may do on behalf of another
106
Assent
a child’s affirmative agreement to participate in research
107
Least Restrictive Environment
the child must be educated in the school that they would attend if not disabled unless the parent agrees otherwise or the child requires some other arrangement because of their special education needs.
108
Why Congress required that each child with disabilities be placed in the “least restrictive appropriate environment.”
Congress recognized that integration of children with disabilities into the educational mainstream was not likely to occur without a legal mandate
109
What should schools do to help students who are socially maladjusted?
Schools can strengthen general education interventions and behavioral support systems, like implementing evidence-based behavioral interventions
110
What are the guiding principles for determination of a child’s educational placement?
Placement must be determined based on the child’s IEP, must be in the least restrictive environment, and must be as close as possible to the child’s home
111
Why might there be a “miss-match” between classification and placement?
A child’s classification may not align with their educational placement because IDEA focuses on individual needs rather than labels; may not always align
112
Classification
describes what kind of support a student is eligible for
113
Placement
determines how and where those supports are delivered
114
What is the fifth factor IEP teams may consider in determining the LRE for a child?
Whether the child can benefit from the general education curriculum without substantial and burdensome curricular modifications
115
What is the key question in Board of Education, Sacramento City Unified School District v. Holland?
Whether a student with severe challenging behaviors can be placed in a general education classroom with supplementary aides/services, or requires a more restrictive environment.
116
Educational benefits of inclusion
likelihood of progress toward IEP goals and learning opportunities in alternative settings
117
Nonacademic benefits of inclusion
whether the student can interact with and learn from children without disabilities.
118
Effect on teacher and other children
whether the student's behavior is disruptive or distracting, and whether it limits attention for other students
119
Cost of inclusion
placement in general education must be significantly more expensive than alternatives to justify exclusion based on cost
120
Name the four main factors IEP teams may consider when determining placement for a student with severe challenging behaviors
1. Educational benefits of inclusion
2. Nonacademic benefits (interaction with peers)
3. Effect on teacher and classmates
4. Cost of providing inclusive education
121
How is cost considered in placement decisions under the Holland case?
Cost of inclusion
122
What factor considers the learning opportunities available in a general education classroom versus a special education environment?
Educational benefits of inclusion
123
Psychologists who conduct research with human participants should be familiar with the rules and regulations drafted under the National Research Act because:
- they include a helpful list of the components of informed consent.
- they reflect current opinion of appropriate conduct in research with human participants.
- institutions that receive federal research support are required to comply with them.
124
In the Belmont Report, _____ is the broad principle defined as the obligation to do no harm, to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harm
Beneficence
125
In the Belmont Report, beneficence is defined as:
doing no harm and maximizing benefits while minimizing possible harm
126
In planning research and data collection, priority must always be given to the:
welfare of the participants
127
_____ refers to reporting research findings in a biased or misleading way, fabricating or falsifying data, and taking credit for work that is not your own.
scientific misconduct
128
Which of the following terms is used to refer to studies in which participants are misinformed about the purpose of the study or the meaning of the participant's behavior?
deception
129
The greater the potential risks to research participants, the greater the ethical-legal obligation to:
- consider whether there are alternative data collections procedures that will minimize risks.
- seek advice of others about the acceptability of the proposed study.
- fully inform potential volunteers of the possible risks.
130
Consistent with the principle of responsible caring, researchers are obligated to minimize the likelihood that _____ will result from research participation
physical discomfort, economic loss, and embarrassment
131
In supervision, the _____ has ultimate responsibility for client welfare. In consultation, the _____ has primary responsibility for decisions affecting the pupil-client.
supervisor; consultee
132
According to NASP’s Model of Comprehensive and Integrated Services by School Psychologists, supervisors must:
- be identified by the agency or school as a supervisor
- be state certified
- have 3 years experience as a practicing school psychologist
133
The statement describing the parameters of the supervisory relationship is referred to as:
a professional disclosure statement
134
In providing supervision, the supervisor should consider the welfare of the ____ to be of primary importance.
student
135
Regarding school psych interns & their child, parents should:
- have a choice about whether to accept services from an intern
- be provided the name and phone number of the intern supervisor
- have a choice whether videotaping will occur for supervision purposes
136
According to Bosk, what type of error can occur when trainees’ skills fall short of what a task requires?
technical
137
In a study of ethical transgressions by school psychology graduate students, Tryon (2000) found that _____ and _____ were areas of difficulty
maintaining confidentiality, working within boundaries of competence
138
True or False: The legal principle of respondent superior: Means “let the master answer for the wrongful acts of his servant.” AND means a supervisor can be held liable for the wrongful acts of a supervisee
True
139
True or False: In general, the guarantees of confidentiality that apply to the psychologist-client relationship apply to the supervisor-supervisee relationship
False
140
True or False: Research suggests that most school psychology supervisors have completed extensive formal training in supervision theory and methods.
False; most school psychology supervisors have not received extensive formal training
141
True or False: When a supervisee is experiencing emotional problems that interfere with his or her work, it is appropriate and necessary for the supervisor to assume the role of therapist to the supervisee.
False; A supervisor should not take on the role of therapist for a supervisee
142
True or False: Research suggests school psychology practitioners often do not receive as much supervision as other mental health practitioners
True
142
True or False: Jessica Chen, school psychologist, could not find after-school care for her first-grade daughter. Consequently, she required her student psychology intern to babysit with her daughter in the office each day after school while Jessica attended special education committee meetings. This situation: Is an abuse of power AND is an unethical conflict of interest
True
143
True or False: Knapp and VandeCreek use the term "supervisee distress" to refer to a supervisee who is experiencing stress but still is able to perform responsibility
True
144
True or False: Knapp and VandeCreek use the term "supervisee impairment" to refer to the inability of the supervisee to fulfill minimal responsibilities of their profession because of a mental or physical impairment.
True
145
True or False: If a researcher uses the words or ideas of others without proper citation or acknowledgment, he or she has engaged in falsifying data
False; plagiarism
146
True or False: In order to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the participants, a researcher should immediately remove names from data collection instruments.
True
Professional Practice
flashcards
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# Cards
