Protective Reflexes

Question 1

Sneezing

Answer 1

caused by Irritation of nasal cavity walls
Forceful expulsion of air from lungs
Noxious fumes or dust particles -> carry microorganisms

Question 2

Coughing

Answer 2

Irritation of lower respiratory tract (bronchi and bronchioles)

Question 3

Vomit

Answer 3

Psychological stimuli

• Excessive stretching of stomach + bacterial toxins
• Contraction of abdomen + diaphragm

Question 4

Diarrohoea

Answer 4

Irritation of intestines from
bacteria, virus, or protozoans
Contraction of muscle walls to remove irritant
Material expelled before water absorbed

Question 5

what’s a phagocyte?

Answer 5

A specialised WBC that engulfs and digest microorganisms and cell debris

Question 6

how do phagocytes defend?

Answer 6

Bacteria trapped in meshwork of fibers are ingested and destroyed by phagocytosis (Nonspecific immune response)
Alert the immune system to foreign material (specific)

Question 7

monocyte and macrophage when Tissues infected or inflamed

Answer 7

• Monocytes leave bloodstream and enter tissue
• Differentiate into macrophage
• Move through tissue, locate, and destroy phages
• Remove microphages and dying cells

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

Granulated WBC

• During infection neutrophils are 1st cell to move into cell and destroy pathogen
• Short life span: dead cells make up pus after infection

Question 9

Dendritic Cell

Answer 9

Projections from cytoplasm

Detect, engulf, and process foreign particles