Protein Synthesis

Question 1

promoter region has a lot of which base pairs

Answer 1

A’s and T’s

Question 2

RNA polymerase builds RNA in what direction

Answer 2

5’ - 3’

Question 3

translation uses __ and __ to make __

Answer 3

mRNA, tRNA, polypeptide chains

Question 4

reason for 5’ cap

Answer 4

• protects mRNA from digestion as it leaves the nucleus
• plays a role in initiation of translation

Question 5

reason for 3’ poly A tail

Answer 5

translation and stability of eukaryotic mRNAs

Question 6

exons

Answer 6

codes for a protein and leaves the nucleus

Question 7

introns

Answer 7

removed from mRNA and stays in the nucleus

Question 8

what is used to remove introns

Answer 8

spliceosomes

Question 9

three steps of transcription

Answer 9

• initiation
• elongation
• termination

Question 10

initation in transcription

Answer 10

DNA unwinds and exposes template strand
RNA polymerase attaches at the promoter region

Question 11

elongation in transcription

Answer 11

RNA polymerase builds mRNA in the 5’-3’ direction
DNA re winds again

Question 12

termination in transcription

Answer 12

RNA polymerase reaches terminator sequence
newly made mRNA is released
RNA polymerase is released

Question 13

steps of translation

Answer 13

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 14

initiation in translation

Answer 14

Small subunit of ribosomes attach to 5’ end and moves downstream until it reaches the start codon
large subunit joins at the start codon
initiator tRNA binds to the p site on the ribosome

Question 15

elongation in translation

Answer 15

An aminoacyl tRNA attaches to the a cite
initial AA attaches to the new AA
initator tRNA leaves the p site and the new one takes its place

Question 16

p in p site means what

Answer 16

only attaches to a peptidyl tRNA (a tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain)

Question 17

a in a cite means what

Answer 17

binds only to the aminoacyl tRNA (tRNA bringing the next AA)

Question 18

termination in translation

Answer 18

when ribosome reaches stop codon
polypeptide is released from the ribosome
ribosome splits into its subunits

Question 19

polysomes

Answer 19

single mRNA has many ribosomes attached to make many polypeptide chains

Question 20

types of point mutations

Answer 20

substitution. insertion/deletion, inversion

Question 21

substitution

Answer 21

one base substituted for another

Question 22

insertion/deletion

Answer 22

adding/removing of a single base pair

Question 23

inversion

Answer 23

two bases switched

Question 24

missense mutation

Answer 24

when a change of base pair(s) results in the code for another AA

Question 25

nonsense mutation

Answer 25

when a change in of base pair(s) results in a premature stop codon in the gene the rest of the DNA is untranslated

Question 26

silent mutation

Answer 26

change does not affect the function of a gene mutant codes for the same AA as the original

Question 27

frame shift mutation

Answer 27

when a base pair(s) is/are added/removed SHIFTS the reading frame of codons

Question 28

large scale deletions

Answer 28

when entire regions of DNA are removed/added

Question 29

translocation

Answer 29

when big parts of one chromosome move to another chromosome

Question 30

large scale duplication/ inversion

Answer 30

when large copies of DNA are copied or flipped

Question 31

Causes of mutations

Answer 31

spontaneous and induced mutations

Question 32

spontaneous mutations come from

Answer 32

inaccurate DNA replication

Question 33

induced mutations come from

Answer 33

environmental agents called mutagens