Proteins

Question 1

Built from

Answer 1

amino acids

Question 2

Contain

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (amino: contains nitrogen)

Question 3

Amino Acids

Answer 3

n = 20
- essential, non-essential (your body can make them) , conditionally essential (usually your body can make it but if your food doesn’t supply the other things necessary to create them then your body will need them in your diet)

Question 4

protein structure

Answer 4

Amino acids bind together to create chains

Question 5

Dipeptide

Answer 5

2 amino acids bound together

Question 6

Tripeptide

Answer 6

3 amino acids bound together

Question 7

Structure =

Answer 7

Function (ex. hemoglobin

Question 8

Protein Functions (8)

Answer 8

1. Structure
2. Enzymes
3. Transporters
4. Fluid and Electrolyte
5. Antibodies
6. Acid-Base Balance
7. Hormones
8. Energy and Glucose

Question 9

Protein needs increase significantly with…

Answer 9

acute illness

Question 10

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Answer 10

Proteins cannot move freely across membranes
Cells cannot make water but they can make water water attracting proteins (oncotic pressure)
When protein leaks out fluid follows leading to excess fluid in interstitial spaces = edema

Question 11

Acid-Base Balance

Answer 11

Changes in pH levels affect proteins negatively
Albumin gathers up extra hydrogen ions (acid) if excess OR provides hydrogen ions if there are too few = buffer

Question 12

Energy and Glucose (remember: without energy, cells die)

Answer 12

• During inadequate carbohydrate intake, amino acids are used for energy
• Nitrogen-containing amine groups are stripped of and used elsewhere or are incorporated by the liver into urea and sent to the kidneys

Question 13

Protein Function: Turnover

Answer 13

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids
- the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation

Question 14

Protein Function: Nitrogen Balance

Answer 14

• Scientific method of measuring net protein loss/gain
• Signifies if catabolism or anabolism is leading to changes in protein stores
• Certain conditions can lead to constant net nitrogen losses

Question 15

Protein Digestion & Absorption: Mouth and Salivary Glands

Answer 15

Chewing and crushing moisten protein-rich foods and mix them with saliva to be swallowed

Question 16

Protein Digestion & Absorption: Stomach

Answer 16

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) uncoils protein strands and activates stomach enzymes:
Protein —> Pepsin, HCl —> smaller polypeptides

Question 17

Protein Digestion & Absorption: Small Intestine and Pancreas

Answer 17

Pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes split polypeptides further:
Poly-peptides –> pancreatic and intestinal proteases –> tripeptides, dipeptides, amino acids
Then enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyze these peptides and the cells absorb them
Peptides –> intestinal tripeptidases and dipeptidases –> Amino acids (absorbed)

Question 18

How much is enough?

Answer 18

• Acute and chronic illness affects protein needs
• a large portion of acutely and chronically ill patients are not getting enough protein

Question 19

Can you have too much?

Answer 19

• Shifting trend in the public to increase protein intakes

Question 20

Risks of excessive protein intakes

Answer 20

• Nutrient displacement
• Increased fat intakes
• Increased stress on kidneys
• Increased calcium excretion

Question 21

Vegetarianism

Answer 21

• includes many dietary patterns
• Bioavailability matters: some plant based nutrients are less available for our body (ex. iron, calcium)
• a balanced vegetarian diet requires intentional planning

Question 22

Various Vegetarian dietary plans

Answer 22

• Lacto-Ovo
• Pescatarian
• Vegetarian
• Lacto
  Vegan

Question 23

Complementary Proteins

Answer 23

two or more protein foods whose amino acids from one provide the missing amino acids from the other

Question 24

Protein Digestibility

Answer 24

measure of the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake

Question 25

Examples of incomplete proteins

Answer 25

Grains Beans

Question 26

Examples of complete proteins

Answer 26

- Dairy - Seafood - Tofu - Meat/Seafood

Question 27

Digestibility

Answer 27

proteins must be digested before they can provide amino acids; what is the amount of amino acids absorbed from a given protein intake

Question 28

Amino acid composition

Answer 28

to prevent protein breakdown, dietary protein must supply at least the nine essential amino acids plus enough nitrogen - containing amino groups, as well as energy for the synthesis of others; the body can only make whole proteins

Question 28

Amino acid composition

Answer 28

to prevent protein breakdown, dietary protein must supply at least the nine essential amino acids plus enough nitrogen - containing amino groups, as well as energy for the synthesis of others; the body can only make whole proteins

Question 28

Amino acid composition

Answer 28

to prevent protein breakdown, dietary protein must supply at least the nine essential amino acids plus enough nitrogen - containing amino groups, as well as energy for the synthesis of others; the body can only make whole proteins

Question 29

Amino acid composition

Answer 29

to prevent protein breakdown, dietary protein must supply at least the nine essential amino acids plus enough nitrogen - containing amino groups, as well as energy for the synthesis of others; the body can only make whole proteins

Question 30

High-quality proteins

Answer 30

these are dietary proteins containing all the essential amino acids in relatively the same amounts that human beings require; they may also contain nonessential amino acids

Question 31

Complementary proteins

Answer 31

two or more proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other