PROTEINS

Question 1

Covalently linked polymers of amino acids

• Carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another amino acid

Answer 1

Proteins

Question 2

Bonds between amino acids in protein

Answer 2

peptide bond

Question 3

_____ is removed - peptide bond

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

• N-terminal end - amino group free
• C-terminal end - carboxyl group free

Answer 4

Protein

Question 5

● Different amino acids compose a specific protein in a linear manner.

Answer 5

Primary structure

Question 6

● It is a folded primary structure

● The peptide chains are folded regularly and that is the time where there is a formation of ______ (2)

Answer 6

Secondary structure

α-helix and β-pleated sheets

Question 7

Secondary structure

● Commonly formed structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the _____ (2)

Answer 7

amino acids within the protein

Question 8

A secondary structure folded into a three-dimensional form.

Answer 8

Tertiary structure

Question 9

A result from the interaction of side chains, which are stabilized through the hydrophobic effect, ionic attraction, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds.

● Definitely a polypeptide

● Refers to the overall shape, or conformation, of the protein molecule.

Answer 9

Tertiary structure

Question 10

● A combined tertiary structures or combined polypeptides

Answer 10

QUATERNARY STRUCTURE

Question 11

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS (COMPOSITION)

Answer 11

Simple
Conjugated

Question 12

• Contain peptide chains that on hydrolysis yield only amino acids
  • albumin

Answer 12

• SIMPLE

Question 13

• Comprise a protein (apoprotein) and a nonprotein moiety (prosthetic group)
  • Lipids, CHO, porphyrins, metals

Answer 13

CONJUGATED

Question 14

■ Lipids ()

■ CHO ()

■ Porphyrins ()

■ Metals ()

Answer 14

lipoprotein

glycoprotein

hemoglobin

ceruloplasmin

Question 15

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS (FUNCTION)

THE BOSS EI

Answer 15

Transport proteins
Hormones
Enzymes

Blood coagulation
Osmotic force
Storage proteins
Structural proteins

Energy source
Immunoglobulins

Question 16

FIVE FRACTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS

Answer 16

● Albumin

● α1-Globulins

● α2-Globulins

● β-Globulins

● γ-Globulins

Question 17

● α1-Globulins

Answer 17

○ α1-fetoprotein
○ α-antitrypsin
○ HDL

Question 18

● α2-Globulins
HaCeMa

Answer 18

○ Haptoglobin
○ Ceruloplasmin
○ α2-macroglobulin

Question 19

β-Globulins
CT

Answer 19

○ Transferrin
○ C-reactive protein

Question 20

γ-Globulins

Answer 20

○ Immunoglobulins

Question 21

PREALBUMIN

• Also known as

Answer 21

transthyretin

Question 22

• Also known as transthyretin

Answer 22

PREALBUMIN

Question 23

• Migrates ahead of albumin

• Transport protein of thyroid hormones

• Binds with retinol-binding protein to form a complex that transports retinol (vitamin A)

• Rich in tryptophan

Answer 23

PREALBUMIN

Question 24

• Present in highest concentration

• Colloid osmotic pressure
• Transcapillary escape rate
• Bind to various substances

Answer 24

ALBUMIN

Question 25

• Malnutrition • Liver disease - Resulting in the inability of hepatocytes to synthesize albumin • Gastrointestinal loss - Inflammation and intestinal mucosal disease • Loss in the urine in renal disease

Answer 25

HYPOALBUMINEMIA

Question 26

• Seen in dehydration - Relative increased - Fluid administration will decrease albumin levels back to normal

Answer 26

HYPERALBUMINEMIA

Question 27

ABNORMALITIES ________ - Absence of albumin ________ - Unusual molecular characteristics - Genetic in origin resulting from an autosomal recessive trait - condition of having two types of serum albumin that differ in mobility during electrophoresis

Answer 27

Analbuminemia Bisalbuminemia

Question 28

• Consists of alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma fractions in electrophoresis

Answer 28

GLOBULINS

Question 29

GLOBULINS • Consists of (4) fractions in electrophoresis

Answer 29

alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma

Question 30

• Acute-phase reactant • Neutralize trypsin-like enzyme that can cause hydrolytic damage to structural protein • Increased: inflammation, pregnancy, contraceptive use • Deficiency: Severe, degenerative, emphysematous pulmonary disease

Answer 30

ALPHA 1 - ANTITRYPSIN

Question 31

Done • Synthesized initially by the fetal yolk sac and then by the parenchymal cells of the liver - Peak: 13 weeks' gestation - Recede: 34 week's gestation • Can pass across the placenta

Answer 31

ALPHA 1 - FETOPROTEIN

Question 32

• Spina bifida and neural tube defects • Atresia of the gastrointestinal tract • Fetal distress • Ataxia-telangiectasia • Tyrosinosis • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) • Tumor marker: hepatocellular carcinoma and gonadal tumors

Answer 32

ELEVATED AFP

Question 33

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN • Also called as

Answer 33

orosomucoid

Question 34

• Also called as orosomucoid • Formation of certain membranes and fibers in association with collagen • Acute phase reactant • Increased: - Inflammation, stress, AMI - Cancer, Surgery - Pneumonia - RA

Answer 34

ALPHA 1 - ACID GLYCOPROTEIN

Question 35

• Serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) • Inhibits some enzymes • Acute phase reactant • Increased: - Inflammation • Deficiency: - associated with asthma and liver disease

Answer 35

ALPHA 1 - ANTICHYMOTRYPSIN

Question 36

• Group-specific Component/Vitamin D-binding protein • Increased: - 3rd trimester of pregnancy - Patients taking estrogen oral contraceptives • Decreased: - Liver diseases and protein-losing syndromes

Question 37

• An alpha2-glycoprotein • Synthesized by the liver and in RES • Bind free hemoglobin by its alpha-chain • Increased: - Inflammation - Burns - Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 37

HAPTOGLOBIN

Question 38

• Copper-containing, alpha2-glycoprotein • Elevated: inflammation, infection, tissue damage and pregnancy • Decreased: - Wilson's disease • Hepatolenticular degeneration • Autosomal recessive inherited disease - Resulting to hepatic cirrhosis and neurologic damage

Answer 38

CERULOPLASMIN

Question 39

• Found principally in the intravascular spaces • Inhibits proteases • Slightly increased: pregnancy and contraceptive drugs • Increased: - Nephrosis - Diabetes - Liver diseases

Answer 39

ALPHA 2 - MACROGLOBULIN

Question 40

• Siderophilin • Transports iron, can carry it to cells and prevents loss of iron through the kidney • Increased: - Microcytic, hypochromic anemia • Decreased: - Malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, inflammation

Answer 40

TRANSFERRIN

Question 41

• Removes circulating heme • Decreased: hemolytic anemia • Increased: - Diabetes mellitus - Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy - Administration of diphenylhydantoin - Inflammation

Answer 41

HEMOPEXIN

Question 42

• Transport cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 42

LIPOPROTEINS

Question 43

• Light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (HLA) • Increased: - Impaired kidney clearance - Overproduction of acute-phase reactants

Answer 43

BETA 2 - MICROGLOBULIN

Question 44

• Collective term for several proteins that participate in the immune reaction • Link to the inflammatory response • Increased: - Inflammatory states • Decreased: - Malnutrition; SLE; DIC

Answer 44

COMPLEMENT

Question 45

• Form a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin • Not seen in serum • Acute-phase reactant • Increased: - Pregnancy - Use of birth control pills • Decreased: - Extensive coagulation

Answer 45

FIBRINOGEN

Question 46

• Appears in blood of patients with diverse inflammatory diseases • Rises: - Tissue necrosis - Pneumococcal infections • One of the first acute-phase proteins to rise in response to inflammation

Answer 46

C- REACTIVE PROTEIN

Question 47

• Synthesized in plasma cells • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD • Synthesis is stimulated by an immune response to foreign bodies

Answer 47

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Question 48

• A heme protein found in striated muscles • Can reversibly bind oxygen but requires a very low oxygen tension to release the bound oxygen • Increased in AMI within 1-3 hours of onset and reaches peak concentration in 5-12 hours

Answer 48

MYOGLOBIN

Question 49

Bind to the thin filaments of striated muscles - Trop-T (TnT) - Trop-I (Tnl) - Trop-C (TnC)

Answer 49

TROPONIN

Question 50

Regulate muscle contraction

Answer 50

Tropinin

Question 51

TOTAL PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES

Answer 51

• Hypoproteinemia • Hyperproteinemia