relationship between two species, one lives inside a host organism
endosymbiosis
mitochondria and plastids are derived from ______
prokaryotes
evidence supporting endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids
- inner membranes and ribosomes similar to prokaryotes
- division and DNA similar to prokary.
- transcribe and translate their own DNA
trophs included under protists…
photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, mixotrophs
- light and carbon dioxide via photosynthesis
Photoautotrophs
chemoheterotrophs
absorb organic material/larger food
mixotrophs
combination of photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
serial endosymbiosis
- evolution of mitochondria before plastids through sequence of endosymbiotic events
- merging of archaea bacteria and eukaryotic bacteria
red and green algae underwent…
secondary endosymbiosis; ingested by a heterotrophic eukaryote
Which clade ?
- diplomonads
- parabasalids
- euglenozoans
Excavata clade
- Reduced mitochondria (mitosomes)
- energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
- two equal sized nuclei
- multiple flagella
-often parasites
Diplomonads
parabasalids
- reduced mitochondria = hydrogenosomes
(Generate energy anaerobically)
diplomonads and parabasalids both share the fact that…
- lack plastids
- modified mitochondria
- MOST live in anaerobic environments
euglenozoans
includes:
- predatory HETEROtrophs
- photosynthetic AUTOtrophs
- mixotrophs
- parasites
euglenozoans distinguishing feature
a spiral or crystalline rod inside their flagella
euglenozoans clade includes (two)…
kinetoplastids and euglenids
- one single mitochondria
- kinetoplast (organized mass of DNA)
- ex: trypanaosoma
Kinetoplasts
euglenids
- one or two flagella emerging from pocket from one end of cell
- some can be both AUTOtrophic and HETEROtrophic
SAR clade
- Stramenopiles
- Alveolites
- Rhizarians
stramenopiles
both a hairy and smooth flagellum
(stramenopiles) Diatoms
- unicellular and glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide
- major component of phytoplankton
- triangle looking mfs
(stramenopiles) Golden Algae
- yellow and brown carotenoids
- Biflagellated, both near one end
- ALL are photosynthetic, SOME are mixotrophs
- MOST are unicellular, but some are colonial
(stramenopiles) Brown Algae
- largest and most complex algae
- ALL are multicellular and most marine
- include seaweed
- analogous features between brown algae and plants through convergent evolution
Alveolites
have membrane enclosed sacs under plasma membrane
