1
Q
PS101 � Combine Reading Notes
A
2
Q
Chapter 1
A
3
Q
Origins of Psychology
A
4
Q
Psychology grew from Philosophy + physiology
A
5
Q
Scientific attitudes:
A
6
Q
- Curiosity
A
7
Q
- Skepticism
A
8
Q
- Objectivity
A
9
Q
- Critical thinking
A
10
Q
Perspectives of Psych
A
11
Q
- Biological
A
12
Q
- Cognitive
A
13
Q
- Behavioural
A
14
Q
- Sociocultural
A
15
Q
- Humanistic
A
16
Q
- Psychodynamic
A
17
Q
Culture: a set of shared beliefs and practices that are transmitted across generations
A
18
Q
Individualistic Culture: Places the person wants over the groups needs
A
19
Q
Collectivist cultures: Focuses on the needs of the group over individual desires
A
20
Q
- Hippocrates: correctly identified the brain as the organ of mental life
A
21
Q
- Plato (Rationalism): Emphasized the role of the mind and reason in acquiring knowledge
A
22
Q
- Aristotle (Empiricism): believed the brain was minor; emphasized the role of experience (tabula rasa or blank slate) in acquiring knowledge
A
23
Q
Voluntarism (Wilhelm Wundt)
A
24
Q
- The study of conscious experience and the will
A
25
Gestalt Psych (Max Wertheimer)
26
- The belief that consciousness cannot be broken down
�the whole is greater than the sum of its parts�
27
Evolutionary Psychology
28
Psychology Today:
29
1. Academic Psychology
30
2. Applied Psychology
31
3. Industrial/organizational psychology
32
4. Clinical/counselling Psychology
33
34
Chapter 2
35
Ethics in Research
36
- Informed consent
37
- Debriefing
38
- Confidentiality
39
- Deception rules
40
41
Reliability and Validity
42
- Test -retest reliability
43
- Internal consistency
44
- Construct validity
45
- Predictive validity
46
47
Experiments:
48
- Control group vs experimental group
49
- Between subjects vs within subjects designs
50
- Confounding variables
51
52
53
Why we need Science
54
- Avoid Biases
55
- Produce accurate
testable explanations
56
- Scientific method provides evidence
not intuition
57
58
External Validity
59
- Experiments usually happen in labs � Artificial conditions
60
- Results may not apply to real world
61
- High internal validity (cause-effect)
62
- Some variables cannot be manipulated (e.g Gender
trauma
63
64
65
Research Design
66
- Descriptive Methods
67
Used when variables cannot be manipulated
68
Naturalistic Observation
69
Pro: Real world behaviour
70
Con: Hawthorne affect (people acting differently when observed)
observer bias
71
Survey
72
Pro: Large samples
efficient
73
Con: Participant bias
social desirability
74
Case Study
75
- In-depth
unique cases
76
- Limit generalizability
77
Strength guide:
78
.2 - .3 = small
79
.4 - .6 = moderate
80
? .7 = strong
81
82
83
Appendix B
84
Descriptive Statistics
85
Frequency Distributions
86
�how many pets do you have�
87
Visual counting of responses
88
Skew
89
- Tail direction = skew name
90
- Tail on � side = negatively skewed
91
- Tail on + side = positively skewed
92
Mean pulled toward tail
93
94
Type 1 vs Type 2 error:
95
96
97
Chapter 3
98
How neurons fire
99
- Resting potential = neuron is ready
100
Major Neurotransmitters & function
101
- Norepinephrine
102
- Endorphins
103
104
Agonists VS Antagonists
105
Endocrine System
106
- Hormones
107
- Pituitary gland
108
- Interacts with nervous system
109
- Adrenal glands
110
Brain Imaging
111
- Lesioning
112
- Electrical Stimulation
113
- TMS: magnetic pulses to turn parts of brain on/off temporarily
114
- CT
115
- MRI
116
117
118
Cerebral Cortex
119
Limbic System
120
- Hypothalamus: hunger
sex
121
- Thalamus: Sensory relay (except smell)
122
- Nucleus Accumbens (reward):
123
- Basal ganglia motor control:
124
Brain Lateralization:
125
- Left hemisphere ? language
analytical
126
- Right hemisphere ? spatial
creative
127
- Corpus callosum connects both
128
- Each eye sends info to both hemispheres
129
Split Brain Patients
130
- Severed corpus callosum
131
Neuroplasticity
132
- Visualization strengthens neural pathways
133
- Mirror neurons fire when you watch someone
134
- Music training reorganizes auditory cortex
135
Nervous Systems
136
Central Nervous System (CNS)
137
- Spinal cord
138
- Brain
139
Control center
processes everything and sends instructions to the body
140
Example: Touching a hot stove � spinal cord pulls your hand back (reflex) before your brain fully registers the pain
141
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
142
- Everything outside of the brain and spinal cord
143
- Two branches:
144
1. Somatic Nervous System
145
Controls voluntary movements
146
You do consciously move your body
147
Example:
148
- Walking
149
- Throwing a ball
150
- Stunting
151
152
2. Autonomic Nervous System
153
Control Involuntary movements
154
You don�t consciously control these
155
Example:
156
- Heart rate
157
- Breathing
158
- Digestion
159
160
A. Sympathetic Nervous system
161
Fight/Flight system
162
Activates during stress panic
danger
163
Effects:
164
- Heart rate ?
165
- Breathing ?
166
- Digestion pauses
167
- Pupils dilate
168
- Body releases adrenaline
169
Example: feeling you get before competing at worlds
170
171
B. Parasympathetic Nervous System
172
Rest and Digest system
173
Calms the body down after stress
174
Effects:
175
- Heart Rate ?
176
- Breathing ?
177
- Digestion resumes
178
- Muscles relax
179
Example: a parachute slowing you down
180
Afferent vs Efferent pathways
181
Afferent = INTO the brain
182
Sensory signals travel toward the CNS
183
Example: you touch something hot ? signal goes into the brain
184
185
Efferent = OUT of the brain
186
Motor signals from the brain to your muscles
187
Example: your brain sends a signal to move your hand away from the hot thing
188
Trick
189
Afferent = �Arrives�
190
Efferent = �exits�
191
192
Reflex Arc
193
Touching something sharp:
194
- Spinal cord reacts instantly (pulls hand away)
195
- Brain receives the information after
196
- That�s why you react before you feel the pain
197
For survival
avoids slow processing in the brain
198
199
Chapter 6
200
Biological Rhythms
201
Circadian rhythm
202
- Light ? retina ? SCN ? pineal gland ? melatonin
203
- Supplements: timing matters
dosage unrelated
204
Consciousness States
205
- Controlled vs automatic processing
206
- Daydreaming
207
- Mediation
208
- Hypnosis
209
Sleep stages
210
Awake � Beta
211
N1 �
212
N2 �
213
N3/4 Deep �
214
REM � Beta
215
Non- REM
216
- Deep sleep (Stages 3-4)
217
- Sleepwalking/talking
218
- Hard to wake
219
REM sleep
220
- Fast brain waves (like awake)
221
- Dreaming
222
- Paralysis of body
223
- Genitals active
224
- REM gets longer each cycle
225
- Important for learning
226
- Emotional Regulation
227
- REM rebound (makes up for lost REM)
228
Dream Theories
229
1. Information Processing
230
Dreams organize daily experiences
231
232
2. Problem solving Theory
233
234
235
Sleep Disorders
236
Sleep Deprivation
237
- ? Amygdala activity (emotions)
238
- ? prefrontal cortex (judgment)
239
- Immune system decline
240
- Microsleeps***
241
Treatment: consistent sleep schedule
242
Psychoactive drugs
243
- Hallucinogens
244
Tolerance
withdrawal
245
246
Chapter 7
247
Biological Constraints
248
- Taste aversion
249
- Species specific preparedness
250
Cognitive Processes in learning
251
- Latent learning
252
- Cognitive maps
253
- Insight learning
254
Classical Conditioning
255
- Learning through associations
256
- US ? UR
257
- NS + US ? UR
258
- CS ? CR
259
Biological preparedness:
260
Examples:
261
- Phobias
262
- Taste aversion
263
- Emotional responses
264
265
Key terms*****
266
- Acquisition
267
- Extinction
268
- Spontaneous Recovery
269
- Generalization
270
- Discrimination
271
272
Operant Conditioning
273
Skinner
274
- Behaviour shaped by consequences
275
Reinforcement increase behaviour
276
- Positive reinforcement = adding something good
277
- Negative reinforcement = removing something bad
278
Punishment decreases behaviour
279
- Positive punishment: add something bad
280
- Negative punishment: remove something good
281
Schedules of Reinforcement****
282
283
Observational learning (Bandura + mirror neurons)
284
Steps
285
1. Attention
286
2. Retention
287
3. Reproduction
288
4. Motivation
289
Chapter 12
290
Behaviourist Perspective
291
1. Skinner: Personality = learned response tendencies
292
2. Bandura: reciprocal determinism
293
- Personality ? environment
294
- Self efficacy important
295
humanistic Perspective
296
Carl Rogers � Client centered therapy
297
- incongruence
298
Traits:
299
- Enduring
300
- Unique
301
- Stable across time/situations
302
- Biological basis
303
Biological Perspective
304
- Heritability of traits
305
- Twin studies
306
- Evolutionary advantage of traits (not always adaptive now)
307
Defense mechanisms
308
- Repression
309
- Projection
310
- Regression
311
- Denial
312
- Rationalization
313
- Displacement
314
- Sublimation
315
Chapter 15
316
Diagnostic Process
317
- DSM structure
318
- Prevalence vs incidence
319
Pros: humane
320
Cons: ignores societal contribution
321
- PTSD (external threat tied to event
avoidance behaviour
322
323
Causes
324
Nature:
325
- Genetics (~35%)
326
- Neurotransmitters (GABA)
327
Nurture:
328
- Classical conditioning
329
- Operant conditioning
330
- Cognition: Misinterpretation of threat
331
- Memory bias toward negative events
332
Personality Disorders
333
- Antisocial personality
334
- Borderline personality
335
336
Chapter 16
337
Types of Treatment
338
- Psychologists (PhD
PsychD)
339
- Psychiatrists (MD)
340
- Social Workers
341
- Counselors
342
Insight/Talk Therapies
343
1. Psychoanalysis
344
Goal: uncover unconscious conflict
345
Techniques: ***
346
- Resistance
347
- Catharsis
348
- Interpretation
349
350
Behaviour Therapies
351
Aversive Conditioning
352
Pair unwanted behaviour with unpleasant stimulus
353
354
Side effects:
355
- Weight gain
356
- Sexual dysfunction
357
Evaluating Treatments
358
- Many therapies effective
some work better for certain disorders
359
- Eclectic approach common**
360
- Cultural competence improves outcomes
P S 101 Combine Final Notes Class
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
