Finals Revision Flashcards > PSA > Flashcards

PSA Flashcards

(75 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Drugs contraindicated in asthmatics and COPD patients

A
  1. Beta Blockers
  2. NSAIDs
  3. Adenosine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are exacerbating factors of psoriasis?

A
  1. trauma
  2. alcohol
  3. drugs: beta blockers, lithium, antimalarials (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine), NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors, infliximab
  4. withdrawal of systemic steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What medications could exacerbate heart failure? Contraindicated

A
  1. VERAPAMIL - negative inotropic effect
  2. NSAIDs/GLUCOCORTICOIDS - should be used with caution as they cause fluid retention, low-dose aspirin is an exception - many patients have coexistent CVD and benefits of taking aspirin outweigh risks
  3. Thiazolidinediones, PIOGLITAZONE is contraindicated as it causes fluid retention
  4. Class I antiarrhythmics - Flecainide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What two drugs should never be prescribed together as it may cause life-threatening bradycardias?

A

Beta Blockers and Verapamil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What medications are usually prescribed weekly in the UK?

A
  1. Bisphosphonates - Alendronate (alendronic acid)
  2. Methotrexate

Also folic acid IF methotrexate is also being prescribed, or as a prophylaxis of folate deficiency in patients receiving parenteral nutrition, otherwise in other scenarios it is given daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some common side effects of sulfonylureas (gliclazide)?

A

Hypoglycaemia

Weight gain

Hyponatraemia secondary to SIADH

Should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of osmotic laxatives?

A

Lactulose - draws water from body into bowel to soften stool, then it makes stool easier to pass

Macrogols

Rectal phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some examples of stimulant laxatives?

A

Senna

Bisacodyl

Sodium Picosulfate

Glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy?

A

TERATOWA

Other drugs not mentioned in picture:

statins

sulfonylureas

cytotoxic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What antibiotics are contraindicated in pregnancy?

A
  • Tetracyclines
  • Aminoglycosides (gentamicin)
  • sulphonamides and trimethoprim
  • quinolones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some factors that may potentiate warfarin?

A
  • liver disease
  • P450 enzyme inhibitors
  • cranberry juice
  • drugs which displace warfarin from plasma albumin, e.g. NSAIDs
  • inhibit platelet function: NSAIDs

P450 enzyme inhibitors:

  • Antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin/erythromycin
  • Amiodarone
  • Allopurinol
  • Imidazoles: ketoconazole, fluconazole
  • SSRIs: fluoxetine, sertraline
  • Sodium valproate
  • Omeprazole
  • Isoniazid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the adrenaline doses in anaphylaxis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What drugs CAN you give in women who are breastfeeding?

A

SPLASH, Sodium Valproate, Penicillins, Levothyroxine, Antipsychotics (apart from clozapine), Salbutamol, Heparin

  • antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, trimethoprim
  • endocrine: glucocorticoids (avoid high doses), levothyroxine*
  • epilepsy: sodium valproate, carbamazepine
  • asthma: salbutamol, theophyllines
  • psychiatric drugs: tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics (apart from clozapine)
  • hypertension: beta-blockers, hydralazine
  • anticoagulants: warfarin, heparin
    • digoxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are drugs that should be AVOIDED in women who are breastfeeding?

A

LAMBASTS - Lithium, Aspirin, Methotrexate, Benzo’s, Amiodarone, Sulphonamides, Tetracyclines, Sulfonylureas

  • antibiotics: ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides
  • psychiatric drugs: lithium, benzodiazepines
  • aspirin - risk of Reye’s syndrome in the baby
  • carbimazole
  • methotrexate
  • sulfonylureas
  • cytotoxic drugs
    • amiodarone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some common side effects of Adenosine?

A

Chest pain

Bronchospasm

Transient flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a common side effect of amlodipine?

A

Ankle swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is important to remember about Augmentin (co-amoxiclav) and Tazocin?

A

They are both penicillin containing antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What two classes of drugs commonly cause hyperglycaemia?

A

Steroids (dexamethasone commonly)

Thiazide diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What 3 situations would you do a gradual withdrawal of corticosteroids?

A
  1. received more than 40mg prednisolone daily for more than one week
  2. received more than 3 weeks treatment
  3. recently received repeated courses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the paracetamol overdose management?

A

Patients who present within 1 hour may benefit from activated charcoal to reduce absorption of the drug

Acetylcysteine should be given if:

  1. there is a staggered overdose or there is doubt over the time of paracetamol ingestion, regardless of the plasma paracetamol concentration
  2. the plasma paracetamol concentration is on or above a single treatment line joining points of 100 mg/L at 4 hours and 15 mg/L at 15 hours, regardless of risk factors of hepatotoxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What 2 medications are usually taken at night?

A

The following medications are usually taken at night:

  • statins
  • amitriptyline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an absolute contraindication to starting COCP in women aged 35 and over?

A

Smoking more than 15 cigs a day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the most common enzyme inducers?

A

PC BRAAS:

  • Phenytoin
  • Carbamazepine
  • Barbiturates
  • Rifampicin
  • Alcohol (chronic)
  • Sulphonylureas

Enzyme activity increases, drug concentration decreases

OR

CRAP GPS induce

  • *C**arbamazepine
  • *Ri**fampicin
  • *A**lcohol (chronic)
  • *P**henytoin
  • *G**riseofulvin
  • *P**henobarbitol
  • *S**ulphonyureas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the most common enzyme inhibitors?

A

AODEVICES:

  • Allopurinol
  • Omeprazole
  • Disulfiram
  • Erythromycin
  • Valproate
  • Isoniazid
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Ethanol (acute intoxication)
  • Sulphonamides

OR

SICKFACES.COM =common cytochrome P450 inhibitors

  • *S**odium valproate
  • *I**soniazid
  • *C**imetidine
  • *K**etoconazole
  • *F**luconazole
  • *A**lcohol & Grapefruit juice & Amiodarone
  • *C**hloramphenicol
  • *E**rythromycin
  • *S**ulfonamides
  • *C**iprofloxacin
  • *O**meprazole
  • *M**etronidazole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the drugs to stop before surgery?
**I LACK OP** * Insulin * Lithium * Anticoagulants/antiplatelets * COCP/HRT * K+ sparing diuretics * Oral hypoglycaemics * Perindopril and other ACEi
26
PReSCRIBER mnemonic
**P**atient details **Re**action (allergy plus the reaction) **S**ign chart Check for **C**ontraindications **R**oute for each drug Prescribe **I**V fluids (if needed) Prescribe **B**lood clot prophylaxis (if needed) Prescribe anti**E**metic (if needed) Prescribe pain **R**elief (if needed)
27
How should you take oral bisphosphonates like alendronate?
Current BNF advice on how to take oral bisphosphonates is: Tablets should be swallowed whole with plenty of water while sitting or standing; to be taken on an **empty stomach** at least **30 minutes before** breakfast (or another oral medicine); patient should **stand or sit upright** for at least **30 minutes after** taking tablet
28
What is given in a heparin overdose?
Protamine Sulphate
29
What drugs may worsen seizure control in patients with epilepsy?
* alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines * ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin * aminophylline, theophylline * bupropion * methylphenidate (used in ADHD) * mefenamic acid medications such as benzodiazepines, baclofen and hydroxyzine may provoke seizures whilst they are being withdrawn. Other medications may worsen seizure control by interfering with the metabolism of anti-epileptic drugs (i.e. P450 inducers/inhibitors)
30
What is 1 in 10,000 adrenaline the same as?
1g in 10,000ml or 1000mg in 10,000ml
31
1 % lidocaine has how much active ingredient per 100ml
1 % lidocaine has 1 g per 100 ml This is equivalent to 10 mg/ml (i.e. 0.01 g/ml)
32
What is oxybutynin for urge incontinence contraindicated in?
Elderly at risk of falls Patients with closed-angle glaucoma
33
How does dalteparin (and all heparins) cause hyperkalaemia?
Through inhibition of aldosterone synthesis
34
How does Tacrolimus cause hyperkalaemia?
Through reduced potassium excretion
35
Things that can cause an AKI, or exacerbate and worsen renal function
ACEi/ARBs Diuretics NSAIDs Aminoglycosides Metformin, Lithium, Digoxin - May have to be stopped in AKI as increased risk of toxicity (but doesn't usually worsen AKI itself) Allopurinol max daily dose 100mg
36
Before prescribing Nitrofurantoin, what should you check?
If eGFR is less than 45ml/min/1.73min2 as, Nitrofurantoin should be avoided if eGFR is less than 45
37
What is Onychomycosis (also known as tinea unguium)?
Fungal infection of the nail
38
Indapamide (thiazide-like diuretic) adverse effects
Diuresis Palpitations
39
How does clarithromycin cause torsades de pointes?
Clarithromycin can **prolong the QT interval** in patients with a **pre-existing predisposition**, such as electrolyte disturbances like hypokalaemia
40
When prescribing HRT, what consideration do you have to take into account when choosing which option to prescribe?
If the patient still has an intact uterus, indicating she will need endometrial protection, therefore, oral oestrogen therapy alone is not suitable
41
What electrolyte disturbances can omeprazole cause?
Hyponatraemia Hypomagnesaemia
42
What is the Yellow Card Scheme and should you report adverse drug effects?
The Yellow Card Scheme is vital in helping the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) monitor the safety of all healthcare products in the UK to ensure they are acceptably safe for patients and users For established medicines and vaccines you should **report all serious suspected ADRs**, even if the effect is well recognised
43
What instance can cyclizine be used as an anti-emetic?
**Mechanical** bowel obstruction - so there is a physical blockage Can be used to help nausea and vomiting in mechanical bowel obstruction
44
What is the difference between mechanical and functional blockage?
There are two types of small bowel obstruction: **functional — there is no physical blockage**, however, the bowels are not moving food through the digestive tract **Mechanical -** there is a blockage preventing the movement of food
45
When is Haloperidol used for nausea and vomiting?
For cases where there is a **metabolic cause**, like hypercalcaemia or renal failure OR **Opioid-induced** vomiting
46
When is ondansetron used for nausea and vomiting?
In patients after an operation OR In patients using cytotoxics
47
When should you stop metformin in a patient?
If there eGFR is less than 30 ml/minute/1.73 m2 This is because it can provoke lactic acidosis
48
In all cases of acute asthma in adults, what should you prescribe at least?
From BNF: In all cases of acute asthma, patients should be prescribed an adequate dose of **oral prednisolone** Continue usual inhaled corticosteroid use during oral corticosteroid treatment Parenteral hydrocortisone or intramuscular methylprednisolone are alternatives in patients who are unable to take oral [prednisolone](https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/prednisolone.html)
49
What is co-amilofruse?
Potassium sparing diuretic
50
What drug reduces the absoprtion of alendronic acid?
Calcium and vitamin D are commonly prescribed with alendronic acid **Calcium salts** can reduce the absorption of alendronic acid and therefore should not be taken at the same time of day Bisphosphonates administration guidance: * swallowed whole with plenty of water * taken while sitting or standing * taken on an empty stomach * taken at least 30 minutes before breakfast or another oral medicine, and * patients should stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the tablet
51
What is the preferred antidepressant for moderate and severe _depression in children_ and young people?
Fluoxetine
52
What acne drug can't be prescribed in primary care?
Oral isotretinoin
53
How does digoxin toxicity present?
Digoxin toxicity presents with: confusion headaches diarrhoea nausea, vomiting dizziness Arrhythmias, heart block, and visual disturbances can occur **Coloured vision is characteristic**
54
What are some side-effects of bisoprolol?
1. bronchospasm 2. headache 3. fatigue 4. sleep disturbances 5. sexual dysfunction 6. vertigo
55
What drug can cause acute dystonic reactions?
Metaclopramide can cause acute dystonic reactions involving facial and skeletal muscle spasms and oculogyric crisis It is because it crosses blood-brain barrier
56
Which antipsychotic most likely to cause hyperprolactinaemia?
**Risperidone** most likely to induce hyperprolactinemia, causes a dose-related increase in prolactin concentration Aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,and quetiapine cause little or no elevation of prolactin concentration
57
What is the first line treatment for constipation in kids?
Macrogols
58
Black, tarry stools is a side effect of what drug?
NSAIDs
59
Drug-induced jaundice is a side effect of what drugs?
rifampicin paracetamol isoniazid chlorpromazine methyldopa
60
What is Bupropion?
Antidepressant drug which is also given to relieve the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal Bupropion should be avoided in people with a history of seizures
61
Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (Sildenafil), are contraindicated with what?
Contraindicated in patients taking **nitrates** as they can cause severe **hypotension**
62
Which contraception requires a yearly routine check for blood pressure and body mass index?
Combined oral contraceptive pill
63
When should patients who use sublingual GTN call an ambulance if chest pain still persists?
Call 999, if their pain has not settled **after 10 minutes** of using **two doses of the spray**
64
What scenarios would patients with T2DM have to self-monitor blood glucose levels?
1. On **insulin** 2. **Evidence** of **hypoglycaemic** episodes 3. On **oral medication** that may **increase** their **risk** of **hypoglycaemia** while driving or operating machinery, like gliclazide 1. **Pregnant**, or planning to become pregnant
65
When administering phenytoin IV, what should you do to avoid cannula site inflammation?
Solutions for injection are very alkaline and may cause injection site reactions; to avoid local venous irritation, each infusion should be preceded and followed by an injection of sterile physiological saline through the same needle or catheter
66
What is Fosphenytoin?
Fosphenytoin is the prodrug of phenytoin and should be prescribed in terms of 'phenytoin sodium equivalents' (PE); fosphenytoin sodium 1.5 mg = phenytoin sodium 1 mg You should find out how much phenytoin the patient has already received and subtract this from the dose calculated for fosphenytoin
67
What are side effects of Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol?
Rifampicin = Red-orange urine/tears Isoniazid = Peripheral Neuropathy Pyrazinamide = hyperuricaemia causing gout, arthralgia Ethambutol = Optic Neuritis and red/green colour blindness
68
What two drugs can be used as a last resort to for the pharmacological treatment of severe agitation and psychosis? These medications are suggested when all other measures fail - what are these other measures?
**Haloperidol** **Lorazepam** Recommended if all other measures fail: * Verbal and non-verbal de-escalation techniques have failed * The Person is a danger to themselves or others * The cause of delirium is known and being treated * The benefits outweigh the risks * Continual monitoring is in place
69
When are hormonal contraceptives contraindicated in women?
Current or past breast cancer - due to increased exposure to oestrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer Give copper coil
70
When is the copper coil contraindicated?
In patients with endometrial cancer
71
What class of drug is amiloride?
Potassium sparing diuretic
72
What drugs can cause pulmonary fibrosis?
* Antibiotics - especially **nitrofurantoin** * Amiodarone * Chemotherapy * Methotrexate
73
What are the two common side effects of metformin?
GI disturbances Lactic Acidosis
74
What are the issues surrounding metformin and going for a scan with contrast dye?
There is a risk of metformin causing lactic acidosis when used with contrast dye
75
What drugs are some common causes of hyponatraemia?
SSRIs Loop and thiazide diuretics ACEi PPIs Carbamazepine Haloperidol NSAIDs
Finals Revision Flashcards
flashcards
Decks in class (49)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions