Final finals! > PSA > Flashcards

PSA Flashcards

(134 cards)

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1
Q

How many nanograms are in 1 microgram

A

1000 nanograms in 1 microgram

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2
Q

How many micrograms are in 1 milligram

A

1000 mcg in 1mg

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3
Q

How many mg in 1g

A

1000mg in 1 g

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4
Q

What is the equation for dose, volume and concentration

A

Dose = volume x concentration

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5
Q

How do you calculate dilutions

A

Calculate dose, then volume, then final volume

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6
Q

What is the dilution ratio for 1 part drug to 4 parts solution

A

1:5 dilution

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7
Q

What is the dilution ratio for 1 part drug to 19 parts solution

A

1:20

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8
Q

What does ‘dilution with equal volume’ mean

A

1:2 dilution

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9
Q

How do you calculate rate?

A

Rate = dose per time / concentration

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10
Q

What equation do you use to calculate the minimum duration of infusion based on rate

A

Dose per time/concentration

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11
Q

What does 1% hydrocortison mean

A

1g in 100ml

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12
Q

What does the ratio 1:1000 mean? e.g. for adrenaline

A

1g in 1000ml

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13
Q

How many mmol Na is there in sodium chloride 0.9% 1000ml

A

150mmol Na

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14
Q

How many mmol K+ is there in potassium chloride 0.3%

A

40mmol K+

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15
Q

How many mmol K+ is there in potassium chloride 0.15%

A

20mmol K+

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16
Q

How much glucose is in 5% glucose 1000ml

A

50g glucose

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17
Q

What are the daily requirements for water

A

25-30ml/kg/24 hours water

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18
Q

What are the daily requirements for Na/K/Cl?

A

1mmol/kg/24 hours

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19
Q

What are the daily requirements for glucose

A

50-100g/24 hour

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20
Q

What is the maximum rate you can replace K+

A

10mmol/hr

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21
Q

What is the minimum rate you can infuse potassium chloride 0.3%

A

minimum 4 hours

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22
Q

What is the minimum rate you can infuse potassium chloride 0.15%

A

minimum 2 hours

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23
Q

What fluids should you prescribe if a patient needs resus fluids?

A

Sodium chloride 0.9% 500ml over 10 minutes

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24
Q

What fluids should you prescribe in emergency hypoglycaemia

A

Glucose 20% 100ml over 15 minutes

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25
What fluids should you prescribe if there is emergency hypokalaemia
Sodium chloride 0.9%/potassium chloride 0.3% 1000ml over 4 hours
26
What fluids should you prescribe if there is emergency hypercalcaemia
Sodium chloride 0.9% 1000ml 4 hours
27
What fluids should you prescribe in a patient requiring maintainence fluids without deficits/losses, e.g. NBM
25-30ml/kg/water 1mmol/kg/24 hour Na/K/Cl 50-100 g glucose/24 hour Aim for 1000ml over 8-12 hours
28
q What fluids should you prescribe in a patient requiring maintainence and replacement fluids with deficits e.g. vomiting
30ml/kg/water 1mmol/kg/24 hour Na/K/Cl 50-100 g glucose/24 hour Aim for 1000ml over 4-6 hours
29
What level BM needs emergency hypoglycaemia management
<4-4 on the floor 20% glucose 100ml over 15 minutes
30
What emergency resus fluids would you prescribe for children
Sodium chloride 0.9% 10ml/kg over 10 minutes
31
What should you prescribe for maintenance fluids in children
NaCl 0.9%/glucose 5% <10kg: 100ml/kg/24 hour 10-20kg: 50ml/kg/24 hour >20kg: 20ml/kg/24 hour
32
For acute asthma in children how does PEF predict severity
PEF >50%: mild/moderate PEF 33-50%: severe PEF <33%: life-threatening
33
Describe the stepwise treatment for acute asthma
1)o2 2) Salbutamol 5mg neb 3) Ipratropium 4) Hydrocortisone 5) MgSO4 6) Aminophylline Prednisolone 40-50mg PO once daily for 5 days
34
Describe the stepwise treatment for acute COPD
1)o2 2)salbutamol 5mg 3)ipratropium bromide 4) aminophylline 5) Ventilation Prednisolone 30mg PO OD 5 days
35
What do you prescribe for pulmonary oedema
furosemide 20mg IV
36
What do you prescribe for medical VTE prophylaxis in a patient with renal impairment
Unfractionated heparin 5000SC units twice daily
37
What do you prescribe for medical VTE prophylaxis in a patient without renal impairment
LMWH like dalteparin
38
What is used for VTE treatment
DOAC like apixaban/rivaroxaban
39
How do you reverse heparins
Protamine sulphate
40
How do you reverse DOACs
Apixaban/rivaroxaban: andexanet alpha Dabigatran: idarucizumab
41
What monitoring is required for oral anticoagulants
LMWH: factor 10a Unfractionated: APTT DOAC's: none Warfarin: INR
42
How do you reverse warfarin
Vit K or pCC
43
What can you prescribe for localised neuropathic pain
Lidocaine patch
44
What do you use to treat trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
45
What is the acute treatment for migraine
No aura: aspirin/ibuprofen Aura: sumatriptan
46
What is the prevention for migraine
Propanolol
47
What should you prescribe for low back pain/sciatica
NSAID Weak opioid if needed
48
What should be prescribed alongside opiates
Antiemetics Laxatives Naloxone
49
Describe the opioid pain ladder
Codeine Tramadol Morphine Oxycodone Fentanyl Buprenorphine
50
What route should antiemetics be prescribed if vomiting
IM/IV
51
What antiemetic should be prescribed for vertigo/motion sickness/vestibular
Cyclizine
52
What antiemetic should be prescribed for post-op
Ondansetron
53
What antiemetic should be prescribed palliative care
Cyclizine Haloperidol Levopromazine
54
What antiemetic should be prescribed for if chemo induced nausea
Acute: ondansetron Delayed: metoclopramide
55
What antiemetic should be prescribed for in Parkinson's
domepridone
56
What antiemetic should be prescribed for in hyperemesis gravidarum
Promethazine
57
What is 1st line for hypercholesterolaemia
Atorvastatin 20mg OD 80mg is secondary prevention
58
What abx are used to treat meningitis
Community: IM ceftriaxone or benxylpenicillin Hospital: ceftriaxone or chloramphenicol
59
Describe treatment for UTIs
Nitrofurantoin: men/women, pregnant in 1/2nd trimester Amoxicillin if in 3rd trimester
60
What diabetes class would you add to metformin if there was any cardiac risk or obesity
SGLT2 inhibitors like dapagliflozin
61
What are the emergency contraception options
Levonelle (levonorgestrel) EllaOne (Ulipristal acetate) Copper coil
62
When should you use levonelle vs ella one depending on last UPSI
Levonelle: 3 days EllaOne: 5 days
63
What should you remember if prescribing levonelle
If vomiting within 3 hours of taking then give 2nd dose If BMI>26 or >70kg then double dose
64
When should you not prescribe ella one
Asthmatics
65
How does the COCP impact gynae cancer risk
Increases breast/cervical cacner Decreases endometrial/ovarian cancer risk
66
How long does the COCP take to work
7 days
67
What is an important side effect of COCP
BP up Increased VTE risk
68
How does the COCP work and what is the drug called
Inhibits ovulation Microgynon 30 (ethinyelestradiol with levonorgestrel)
69
How long does the POP take to work
2 days
70
What is the main side effect of the POP
Irregular bleeding
71
How does the POP work and what is the drug name
Thickens mucus Cerazette (desogestrel)
72
What HRT would you prescribe in a patient with uterus intact and LMP <12 months ago
-Sequential combined oestrogen and progesterone (either patch or oral)
73
What is oral sequential combined oestrogen/progesterone called
Elleste-Duet 1mg/2mg- Drug: oestradiol + norethisterone
74
What is patch sequential combined oestrogen/progesterone called
Evorel Sequi
75
What HRT should you prescribe if uterus intact and LMP > 12 months ago
-Continuous combined oestrogen and progesterone
76
What is oral continuous combined oestrogen and progesterone called
Elleste-Duet Conti
77
What is continuous combined oestrogen and progesterone called as a patch
Evorel Conti
78
What would you prescribe if a patient wants HRT and has had a hysterectomy
Oral/patch oestrogen (Elleste Solo) Drug name: oestradiol
79
What HRT would you prescribe if there are only vaginal sx
Topical vaginal oestrogen
80
What is used for post menopausal osteoporosis treatment
Alendronic acid/risedronate acid
81
What is used for vasomotor sx post menopause if no HRT
Clonidine/SSRI
82
What are some of the risks associated with HRT
Breast/endometrial/ovarian cancer Stroke CAD Increased VTE risk
83
When should HRT be stopped prior to surgery
4-6 weeks prior (VTE risk)
84
Descrbe the treatment for hypertension
T2DM/<55yrs: 1)ACEi(ramipril) or ARB(losartan) 2)Add CCB(amlodipine) or thiazide like diuretic (indapamide) >55yrs/African: 1) CCB (amlodipine) 2) CCB + ACE/ARB /thiazide like diuretic 3) ACEi/ARB +CCB+thiazide like diuretic 4)If K+<4.5: low dose spirinolactone, If K+>4.5: alpha/beta blocker
85
How is hypertension treated in pregnancy
Stop ACEi/ARB Start labetalol (nifedipine if CI) Aspirin 75mg if risk of pre-eclampsia If eclampsia: MgSO4
86
How is gestational diabetes managed?
Glucose <=7: diet, exercise, metformin >7 or ocmplications: insulin
87
What is the brand name for COPD triple therapy
Trimbow
88
What are the insulin brand names
Novorapid (rapid acting ) Humulin S: short acting humulin I: intermediate Lantus: slow acting Humulin M3: mixed/biphasic
89
What do you give for hyperglycaemia?
BM >14 give 2-4 units SC of novorapid
90
What medications are usually in mcg
Levothyroxine Digoxin Naloxone Tamsulosin Fludrocortisone Inhalers GTN Ipratropium nebs
91
What medications should be taken in the morning
Diuretics Steroids
92
What medication should be taken at night
Statins Sedation
93
What medications should be taken with meals
Insulin Creon
94
What medications are usually taken weekly
Bisphosphonates Methotrexate/folic acid Patches
95
What medications are given PR
Laxatives Enemas Diazepam Diclofenac
96
What medications are given IM
Depot Sedatives Antipsychotics
97
What medications are given SC
LMWH Insulin EOLC
98
What medications are given SL
GTN
99
What should you remember when prescribing for a child <12 yrs
No tablets-needs liquids E.g. paracetamol suspension
100
What medications cause hypoglycaemia
Insulin Sulfonylureas
101
What medications cause hyperglycaemia
Steroids Antipsychotics thiazides B blockers Anticholinergics
102
What medications cause constipation
Opioids CCB Iron Diuretics Ondansetron Anticholineergics
103
What medications cause diarrhoea
Antibiotics Colchicine Metformin PPI's Laxatives Metoclopramide
104
What medications cause urinary retention
Opioids Anticholinergics
105
What medications cause incontinence
Alpha blockers Diuretics Clozapine
106
What medications cause confusion
Opioids Sedatives Anticholinergics
107
What medications can cause falls
Benzos TCA's SNRIs MAO Opioids Antihypertensives Parkinson's
108
What medications contribute to gout
Diuretics
109
What medications can cause osteoporosis
Steroids PPIs
110
What medications can cause hypertension
NSAIDS Steroids OCP's Mirabegron
111
What medications can increase cholesterol
Steroids Thiazides
112
What should you do with steroids if ill
Double dose
113
What medications should be stopped with intercurrent illness
Metformin Statins -Gliflozins
114
What medications should you stop if trying to conceive
Some antipsychotics/antiepileptics Isotretinoin Methotrexate Warfarin
115
What medications should you stop prior to surgery
DOACs(48 hours) Clopidogrel (7 days) Warfarin(bridging plan to LMWH) OCP/HRT (4 weeks) Lithium (day before) ACEi/potassium sparing diuretics (day of surgery) Metformin-lacic acidosis risk if NBM
116
What medications will worsen Parkinson's
Antipsychotics-haloperidol Metoclopramide Some antidepressants
117
What medications might worsen myasthenia gravis
Abx beta blockers local anaesthetic Sedating drugs
118
What medications will worsen psoriasis
Beta blockers Lithium Abx
119
What medications will worsen heart failure
NSAIDS CCB's Pioglitazone
120
What medications can cause oral thrush
Steroids Abx Immunosuppression
121
What medications should you stop in AKI
Stop the 'DAMN' drugs Diuretics ACEI/ARBs Metformin NSAIDs
122
What medications can cause dystonia
Halopreidol Metoclopramide Chlorpromazine
123
How do you treat dystonia
Procyclidine
124
What are the most common enzyme inducers?
Decrease drug concentration PC BRAS Phenytoin Carbamazepine Barbiturate Rifampicin Alcohol (chronic excess) Sulphonylureas
125
What are the most common enzyme inhibitors
Increase drug concentration AODEVICES Allopurinol Omeprazole Disulfram Erythromycin Vlaporate Isonizazid Ciprofloxacin Ethanol (acute intoxication) Sulphonamides
126
How can you distinguish between metabolic or respiratory causes on ABG
Only PaCO2 is abnormal: respiratory Only HCO3 abnormal: metabolic
127
What does it mean on a blood gas if both PaCO2 and HCO3 are abnormal?
Compensation-if pH normal: fully compensated, if pH abnormal then partially compensated If both abnormal but in opposite directions-> metabolic and respiratory picture
128
What will CO2 be in respiratory acidosis?
CO2 will be high
129
What will HCO3 be in metabolic acidosis?
Low
130
What are the causes of respiratory alkalosis
Rapid breathing
131
What are the causes of respiratory acidosis
Type 2 resp failure
132
What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Vomiting Diuretics Conn's
133
What are the causes of metabolic acidosis?
Lactic acidosis DKA renal failure Ethanol/methanol intoxication
134
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