What is the difference between habituation and sensitization?
Habituation: decreased response to a stimulus over time
Sensitization: increased response to a stimulus
These are two basic forms of non-associative learning.
In classical conditioning, what do the terms US, UR, CS, and CR stand for?
- US: Unconditioned Stimulus
- UR: Unconditioned Response
- CS: Conditioned Stimulus
- CR: Conditioned Response
These terms describe the components involved in classical conditioning processes.
What are the concepts of extinction and spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
- Extinction: the diminishing of a conditioned response
- Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause
These concepts illustrate how conditioned responses can be weakened and then re-emerge.
Define stimulus generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning.
- Generalization: responding similarly to similar stimuli
- Discrimination: distinguishing between different stimuli
These processes affect how conditioned responses are elicited by various stimuli.
What is higher-order conditioning?
A process where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus
This allows for the extension of conditioning beyond the original stimulus.
What are some applications of classical conditioning in everyday life?
- Counterconditioning
- Treatment of phobias
- Advertising strategies
These applications utilize principles of classical conditioning to modify behaviors and responses.
What is the evolutionary adaptiveness of learning?
Learning mechanisms that enhance survival and reproduction, such as biological preparedness for certain fears
Examples include taste aversions and phobias that have evolutionary significance.
What does the law of effect state in operant conditioning?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated
This principle underlies the foundation of operant conditioning.
Differentiate between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
- Positive reinforcement: adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
- Negative reinforcement: removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior
- Positive punishment: adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
- Negative punishment: removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
These terms describe different methods of influencing behavior in operant conditioning.
What are primary and secondary reinforcers?
- Primary reinforcers: inherently satisfying (e.g., food, water)
- Secondary reinforcers: learned value (e.g., money, praise)
Understanding these types of reinforcers is crucial for effective behavior modification.
What is the overjustification effect?
When external rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
This effect highlights the complexity of motivation in learning and behavior.
List the types of reinforcement schedules.
- Fixed ratio
- Variable ratio
- Fixed interval
- Variable interval
These schedules determine how and when reinforcement is delivered, affecting learning rates.
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
The process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior
Shaping is a technique used to teach complex behaviors by breaking them down into smaller steps.
