What are individual differences ?
- distinctiveness
-variation
*characteristics
*behavior patterns
What is Situationism?
-situation
-circumstance
-external factors
What is assessment?
-measurement of psychological attributes
-evaluation
-different methods
-certain standards of comparison
What are the domains of assessment of psychological attributes?
-intelligence
-aptitude
-interest
-personality
-values
Explain intelligence and aptitude domain.
intelligence-
global capacity to understand the world
capacity to think rationally
capacity to use available resources effectively when faced by challenges
aptitude-
individual’s underlying potential for acquiring skills
Explain interest , personality and values domain.
interest-
individual’s preference in engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others
personality-
individual’s enduring characteristics that makes him or her distinct from others.
values- individual’s enduring beliefs about an ideal mode of behavior.
What are the assessment methods for measuring psychological attributes ?
-psychological test
-interview
-case study
-observation
-self-report
What is psychological test and interview test method?
psychological test-
-objective and standardised measure
-mbc
interview-
-seeking ans
-one to one basis
What is case study method?
-in depth study
-psychological attributes
-psychological history
*psychosocial environment
*physical environment
What is Observation and Self-report method?
observation
-sso
-behavioral phenomena
-naturally in real time
self report
-factual information
-beliefs and values etc
What are the psychological attributes based on
a) observation and
b) The Oxford dictionary?
a) mental alertness
ability to understand relationships
quickness in learning
ready wit
b) power of
perceiving
learning
understanding
knowing
How do the following psychologists define intelligence as?
a) Alfred Binet
b) Wechsler
c) Gardner and Sternburg
a) ability to judge well, understand well , and reason well
b) the global and aggregate capacity to think rationally , act purposefully and adjust to the environment effectively
c) modify or shape the environment
What are the differences between the two approaches in intelligence?
psychometric approach -
definition -aggregate of abilities
focus - structure , dimensions
expressed- single index of cognitive abilities
information processing approach-
definition - describes processes used in problem solving and reasoning
focus- how intelligent individual acts
emphasizes- study of cognitive factors
What are the different theories introduced under the Psychometric approach?
introduced by
theory
- one factor theory - Alfred Binet
-two factor theory- Charles Spearman
- theory of primary mental abilities- Louis Thurstone
- hierarchial model- Arthur Jenson
-structure of intellect model- J P Guilford
What are the theories of information processing approach?
-theory of multiple intelligences -Howard Gardner - 7
-triarchic theory of intelligence
What is the multiple intelligences theory?
-Howard Gardner
-not a single entity
-linguistic
-logical -mathematical
-spatial
-naturalistic
-interpersonal
-intrapersonal
-musical
-bodily kinesthetic
What is the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
-componential / analytical
*knowledge aquisition
*metacomponent
*performance component
-experential / creative
*past experiences
*inventions and ideas
-contextual / practical
*daily problems
*business sense
*street smartness
*modify environment according to needs
Explain the PASS model?
J.P Das, Jack Naglieri, Kirby
-arousal/ attention
*reticular activating system
*helps in processing information
* optimal level
*ex-focus
-simultaneous / successive
*temporal ,parietal, occipital lobe
*meaningful relationship
*raven’s progressive matrices
*one information’s recall leads to another
*example- alphabet
-planning
*pre frontal cortex in the frontal lobe
*planning and modifying
*example-exam
What are the evidences of effect of heredity and environment on intelligence ?
-Heredity
*identical twins
_together - 0. 9 correlation
_separated- 0.72
*twins separated since birth show some similarities
*fraternal
_together- 0.5
_separated -0.25
*adopted children are similar to biological parents
-Environment
* growing up , adopted children similar to adoptive parents
*socially disadvanaged ,higher socio-economic status,more opportunities,higher intelligence
*economically deprived -lower intelligence
_Conclusion
*intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity and environment
*heredity sets a range but environment provides opportunities to modify it
What is mental and chronological age ? How is IQ calculated ?
-mental age -intellectual development compared to others in the same age group
-Alfred Binet . Theodore Simon ,
1905 - formal assessment of intelligence
1908- introducing ma
-chronological age-biological age since birth
-William Stern - IQ - MA/CA* 100
What is intellectual deficiency?
-AAMD definition
*significant sub average intellectual functioning
*deficits in adaptive behavior
*developmental period
- types
*mild
*moderate
*severe
*profound
-characteristics of types
What is intellectual giftedness?
-teachers’ definition
*high ability
*high creativity
*high commitment
-early signs
-characteristics
What are the types of intelligence tests?
-administration
*individual
*group
-nature
*verbal
*non verbal
*performance
-culture
*culture biased
*culture fair
Describe intelligence tests in India.
-standardized
*SN Mohsin
* CH Rice
*Mahalanobis
-changed norms
-Long and Mehta
-NLEPT AND NCERT
-critical reviews
-handbooks in different domains
