Psychopathology > PSY325- Test1 > Flashcards

PSY325- Test1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is behaviour therapy?

A

Therapeutic techniques based on conditioning and learning principles.

Behaviour therapy focuses on modifying observable behaviors rather than addressing underlying psychological processes.

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2
Q

Define behavioural model.

A

Psychological perspective emphasizing observable behavior and learning.

This model contrasts with approaches that consider internal mental states.

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3
Q

What does behaviourism study?

A

Scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes.

Behaviourism focuses strictly on observable actions rather than thoughts or feelings.

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4
Q

What is catharsis?

A

Release of emotional material.

Catharsis is often associated with emotional relief through expression.

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5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a meaningful stimulus.

This concept was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov with his experiments on dogs.

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6
Q

What is included in a clinical description?

A

Details of symptoms, onset, course, and prognosis of a disorder.

A clinical description helps in diagnosing and understanding mental health disorders.

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7
Q

What does ‘course’ refer to in the context of disorders?

A

Pattern of disorder development over time.

Understanding the course can inform treatment and prognosis.

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8
Q

Define defence mechanisms.

A

Unconscious protective processes that keep emotions in check.

These mechanisms include repression, denial, and projection.

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9
Q

What is dream analysis?

A

Psychoanalytic technique of interpreting dreams.

This technique aims to uncover unconscious desires and conflicts.

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10
Q

What is the role of the ego?

A

Part of the mind mediating between id and superego.

The ego operates on the reality principle, balancing desires and moral standards.

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11
Q

What is ego psychology?

A

Branch of psychoanalysis focusing on ego development.

This approach emphasizes the role of the ego in managing internal conflicts.

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12
Q

Define etiology.

A

Causes of a disorder.

Understanding etiology is crucial for effective treatment and prevention.

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13
Q

What is extinction in learning?

A

Learning process when conditioned response decreases.

Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

What is free association?

A

Psychoanalytic technique where clients say whatever comes to mind.

This technique aims to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.

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15
Q

What is the id?

A

Source of instinctual drives.

The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification.

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16
Q

Define incidence.

A

Number of new cases during a period.

Incidence is important for understanding the spread of disorders.

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17
Q

What are intrapsychic conflicts?

A

Struggles among id, ego, and superego.

These conflicts are central to psychoanalytic theory and can lead to psychological distress.

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18
Q

What is introspection?

A

Early method of self-observation of mental processes.

Introspection was foundational in psychology but has limitations in reliability.

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19
Q

Define lifetime prevalence.

A

Proportion of population experiencing a disorder in their lifetime.

This measure is useful for understanding the overall impact of mental health disorders.

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20
Q

What was the mental hygiene movement?

A

Reform emphasizing humane care.

This movement aimed to improve treatment conditions for individuals with mental illness.

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21
Q

What is moral therapy?

A

Psychosocial treatment using humane and normal social interaction.

Moral therapy was part of the broader mental hygiene movement.

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22
Q

Define neurosis.

A

Psychological disorder from unresolved internal conflicts.

Neurosis is characterized by anxiety and other distressing symptoms.

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23
Q

What is person-centred therapy?

A

Humanistic therapy emphasizing unconditional positive regard.

This approach focuses on the client’s perspective and personal growth.

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24
Q

What is a phobia?

A

Irrational fear.

Phobias can significantly impact daily functioning.

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25
What is the presenting problem?
Initial complaint reported. ## Footnote Identifying the presenting problem is the first step in assessment.
26
Define prevalence.
Proportion of population with a disorder. ## Footnote Prevalence helps in understanding the burden of mental health issues in society.
27
What is prognosis?
Predicted outcome of disorder. ## Footnote Prognosis can guide treatment decisions and client expectations.
28
What is psychoanalysis?
Freud’s theory and therapy for unconscious conflicts. ## Footnote Psychoanalysis involves exploring the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
29
Who is a psychoanalyst?
Trained professional in psychoanalysis. ## Footnote Psychoanalysts undergo extensive training to understand and treat complex psychological issues.
30
What is the psychoanalytic model?
Freud’s model of personality and conflict. ## Footnote This model includes the id, ego, and superego as key components.
31
What is psychodynamic psychotherapy?
Modern variation of psychoanalysis. ## Footnote This approach retains core psychoanalytic concepts while adapting them for contemporary practice.
32
Define psychological disorder.
Dysfunction causing distress or impairment. ## Footnote Psychological disorders can affect functioning in various areas of life.
33
What is psychopathology?
Scientific study of psychological disorders. ## Footnote Psychopathology encompasses understanding causes, classifications, and treatments.
34
What are psychosexual stages?
Developmental phases influencing personality. ## Footnote Freud proposed that unresolved conflicts in these stages could lead to adult personality issues.
35
Define psychosocial.
Social and psychological influences. ## Footnote Psychosocial factors play a crucial role in mental health and well-being.
36
What is the psychotherapy process?
Therapist–client interactions in treatment. ## Footnote The quality of this relationship can significantly impact therapeutic outcomes.
37
What is reinforcement?
Consequences that strengthen behavior. ## Footnote Reinforcement can be positive or negative, influencing future actions.
38
Who is a scientist-practitioner?
Professional using research in practice. ## Footnote This model integrates scientific research with clinical practice.
39
What does self-actualizing mean?
Human drive to reach potential. ## Footnote Self-actualization is a key concept in humanistic psychology.
40
What is shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations of behavior. ## Footnote Shaping is often used in behavior modification techniques.
41
Define superego.
Conscience, moral standards. ## Footnote The superego develops through social and parental influences.
42
What is systematic desensitization?
Behavioral technique reducing fear. ## Footnote This technique involves gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
43
What is transference?
Client projects feelings for others onto therapist. ## Footnote Transference can reveal unresolved issues from the client's past.
44
What is unconditional positive regard?
Acceptance of client without judgment. ## Footnote This concept is central to client-centered therapy and fosters a supportive therapeutic environment.
45
What is the unconscious?
Thoughts outside awareness influencing behavior. ## Footnote The unconscious mind plays a significant role in psychoanalytic theory.
46
What is affect?
Conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion. ## Footnote Affect refers to the experience of feeling or emotion.
47
Define agonists.
Drugs that mimic or increase neurotransmitter effects. ## Footnote Agonists can enhance the action of neurotransmitters in the brain.
48
What are antagonists?
Drugs that block neurotransmitter effects. ## Footnote Antagonists can inhibit the action of neurotransmitters, affecting mood and behavior.
49
What are brain circuits?
Neurotransmitter pathways in the brain. ## Footnote These circuits are crucial for communication between different brain regions.
50
Define cognitive science.
Study of thought processes and how they affect behavior. ## Footnote Cognitive science integrates psychology, neuroscience, and artificial intelligence.
51
What is cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)?
Therapy modifying thoughts and behaviors. ## Footnote CBT is effective for various mental health disorders, including anxiety and depression.
52
What is the diathesis–stress model?
Disorders develop from genetic vulnerability plus stress. ## Footnote This model emphasizes the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental factors.
53
What is dopamine?
Neurotransmitter involved in movement and reward. ## Footnote Dopamine plays a key role in motivation and pleasure.
54
Define emotion.
Action tendency elicited by external event and feeling state. ## Footnote Emotions can influence decision making and behavior.
55
What is epigenetics?
Environment alters gene expression without changing DNA. ## Footnote This field studies how external factors can influence genetic activity.
56
Define equifinality.
Multiple causes may produce the same disorder. ## Footnote Equifinality highlights the complexity of mental health disorders.
57
What does excitatory mean?
Neurotransmitter effect that increases firing. ## Footnote Excitatory neurotransmitters promote the generation of action potentials in neurons.
58
What is the flight-or-fight response?
Biological reaction to threat. ## Footnote This response prepares the body to either confront or flee from danger.
59
What is gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)?
Inhibitory neurotransmitter reducing arousal. ## Footnote GABA plays a critical role in controlling anxiety and promoting relaxation.
60
What is the gene–environment correlation model?
Genes influence exposure to environments. ## Footnote This model suggests that genetic predispositions can shape an individual's experiences.
61
What are genes?
Units of heredity influencing traits. ## Footnote Genes play a significant role in the development of psychological disorders.
62
What is glutamate?
Excitatory neurotransmitter. ## Footnote Glutamate is essential for synaptic plasticity and memory function.
63
Define hormone.
Chemical messenger secreted by glands. ## Footnote Hormones regulate various physiological processes, including mood and stress response.
64
What is implicit cognition?
Unconscious mental processes. ## Footnote Implicit cognition influences behavior and attitudes without conscious awareness.
65
What is implicit memory?
Memories we don’t consciously recall. ## Footnote Implicit memory can affect future behaviors and preferences.
66
Define inhibitory.
Neurotransmitter effect reducing firing. ## Footnote Inhibitory neurotransmitters help to prevent over-excitation of neurons.
67
What are inverse agonists?
Drugs producing opposite effect of neurotransmitter. ## Footnote Inverse agonists can decrease the activity of neurotransmitter systems.
68
What is learned helplessness?
Giving up due to lack of control. ## Footnote This concept is often studied in the context of depression and anxiety.
69
What is modelling?
Learning through observation. ## Footnote Modelling is a key concept in social learning theory.
70
Define mood.
Persistent emotional state. ## Footnote Moods can last for extended periods and influence behavior.
71
What is the multidimensional integrative approach?
Model considering biological, psychological, and social factors. ## Footnote This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of mental health disorders.
72
What is neuroscience?
Study of the nervous system. ## Footnote Neuroscience explores the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes.
73
What are neurotransmitters?
Brain chemicals transmitting signals. ## Footnote Neurotransmitters play a critical role in communication between neurons.
74
What is norepinephrine (noradrenaline)?
Neurotransmitter involved in arousal. ## Footnote Norepinephrine affects attention and responding actions in the brain.
75
Define observational learning.
Learning by watching others. ## Footnote Observational learning is a fundamental mechanism in social learning theory.
76
What is prepared learning?
Biological predisposition to learn certain fears. ## Footnote This concept explains why some fears are more easily acquired than others.
77
What is reuptake?
Process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed. ## Footnote Reuptake is a key mechanism in regulating neurotransmitter levels in the synapse.
78
What is serotonin?
Neurotransmitter regulating mood and behavior. ## Footnote Serotonin is often linked to feelings of well-being and happiness.
79
What is the synaptic cleft?
Gap between neurons where signals cross. ## Footnote The synaptic cleft is crucial for neurotransmission.
80
Define vulnerability.
Susceptibility to developing a disorder. ## Footnote Vulnerability can arise from genetic, environmental, or psychological factors.
81
What is behavioural assessment?
Measuring, observing, evaluating behavior. ## Footnote This method helps to understand the context and function of a client's behavior.
82
What is the classical categorical approach?
Strict categories for diagnosis. ## Footnote This approach contrasts with more flexible, dimensional models.
83
Define classification.
Grouping of disorders. ## Footnote Classification systems help in organizing and understanding mental health disorders.
84
What is clinical assessment?
Systematic evaluation of factors related to disorder. ## Footnote Clinical assessment is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
85
What is comorbidity?
Presence of more than one disorder. ## Footnote Comorbidity complicates diagnosis and treatment.
86
What is diagnosis?
Determining if symptoms meet criteria. ## Footnote Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment.
87
What is the dimensional approach?
Disorders exist on a continuum. ## Footnote This approach allows for a more nuanced understanding of mental health.
88
What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) do?
Records brain’s electrical activity. ## Footnote EEG is commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess brain function.
89
What are false negatives?
Failing to detect a condition when it exists. ## Footnote False negatives can lead to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment.
90
What are false positives?
Diagnosing when disorder is absent. ## Footnote False positives can result in unnecessary treatment and stigma.
91
What is an intelligence quotient (IQ)?
Score assessing intellectual functioning. ## Footnote IQ tests measure cognitive abilities relative to the general population.
92
What is labelling?
Assigning diagnostic category that may cause stigma. ## Footnote Labelling can affect how individuals perceive themselves and how they are treated by others.
93
What is a mental status exam?
Systematic observation of client’s behavior and cognition. ## Footnote This exam helps in assessing a client's current mental state.
94
What is neuroimaging?
Pictures of brain structure/function. ## Footnote Neuroimaging techniques include MRI and CT scans.
95
What is neuropsychological testing?
Tasks assessing brain–behavior relations. ## Footnote This testing can identify cognitive deficits related to specific brain regions.
96
Define nomenclature.
Naming system. ## Footnote Nomenclature is important for consistent communication in the field of psychology.
97
What are norms?
Standards for test comparison. ## Footnote Norms help to interpret individual test scores in relation to the general population.
98
What is nosology?
Classification of disorders. ## Footnote Nosology is critical for the organization and study of mental health conditions.
99
What are personality inventories?
Questionnaires assessing personality traits. ## Footnote These inventories are used for both clinical and research purposes.
100
What are projective tests?
Techniques projecting unconscious material. ## Footnote Projective tests aim to uncover hidden emotions and internal conflicts.
101
Define the prototypical approach.
Core features with flexibility. ## Footnote This approach allows for variations in the expression of disorders while maintaining essential characteristics.
102
What is psychophysiological assessment?
Measuring brain structure/function via body responses. ## Footnote This type of assessment can reveal the relationship between physiological processes and psychological conditions.
103
What is reliability?
Consistency of measurement. ## Footnote Reliable measures yield similar results under consistent conditions.
104
What is self-monitoring?
Clients track their own behavior. ## Footnote Self-monitoring can enhance awareness and facilitate behavioral change.
105
What is standardization?
Consistency in test procedures. ## Footnote Standardization ensures that tests are administered and scored in the same way across different contexts.
106
Define stigma.
Negative labels/attitudes toward mental illness. ## Footnote Stigma can prevent individuals from seeking help and can impact recovery.
107
What is taxonomy?
Classification system. ## Footnote Taxonomy is essential for organizing and understanding various mental health disorders.
108
What is validity?
Accuracy of measurement. ## Footnote Validity determines whether a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Psychopathology
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