1
Q
Sigmund Freud: Theory
A
- shocked the world
copernicus, Darwin and Freud changed the thinking of mankind
Behaviour is determined by by our unconscious,so we have no control over it - criticized by many scientists because there is no scientific basis to the theory. However, his theories are still accepted
- Study of how childhood behaviours affect adult behaviour originated with Freud
2
Q
Psychoanaysis
A
- A theory
- a particular way of assessing mental health
- psychoanalysis is trying to reach into the unconscious
- Freud used hypnosis in his early work- he soon moved into the realm of suggestions, free associations, and dreams
- In trying to help neurotic people, trying to reach into the unconscious, he started interpreting people’s dreams.
3
Q
Unconscious mechanisms
A
- instincts
- dreams
- free association
- freudian Slip
4
Q
Dreams
A
In trying to help neurotic people, he started to interpret people’s dreams.
2 parts to a dream:
- manifest content of a dream: “snake in a garden”
- latent content of a dream: “ what does the snake represent”
- “Dreams are the royal road to understanding the unconscious”.
5
Q
Free Association
A
- what people say; there’s always another meaning
- when a person uses certain words, you would understand what the words really meant.
- people make suggestions in certain arguments and behaviour ( e.g walking styles), even though they don’t participate in the behaviors.
6
Q
Freudian Slip
A
- what is in the unconscious slips out
- what is in the unconscious is threatening. we use or defence mechanisms to hide it.
- slip of the tongue doesn’t always mean words, it can sometimes mean actions.
7
Q
Structure of Personality
A
- Id (pleasure principle) : animal part of us, the energy part of personality.
- ego (reality principle) : rational part of us, uses the same energy as the id. takes the energy from the but in a rational way.
- superego (morality principle) - what is good/moral.
- the EGO is the middle man, controlling the id and superego.
- we can have a person who is all id or all superego.
8
Q
Psychosexual development
A
According to Freud, we have erogenous zone that, when stimulated, provide pleasure.
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latent
- genital
9
Q
oral stage
A
MOUTH
- infants experience pleasure through the mouth (eating, sucking, etc.)
- we all have to go through and overcome this period. if disrupted, there could be some sort of ramifications that we could have during our adult life.
10
Q
Anal stage
A
ANUS
- the child finds pleasure in defecating and holding the feces.
- comes around the time of toilet training when emphasis seems to be on the anus.
11
Q
Phallic Stage
A
- the first tiem the genitals come into play.
- PENIS ENVY : girl sees boys with a penis and wonders why she doesn’t have one. Boys look at girls and wonder if they’re going to be “castrated” like the girls which leads to CASTRATION ANXIETY.
- at this stage, boys are in love with their mothers (oedipus complex “momma’s boy”) and girls are in love with their fathers (electra complex “daddy’s girl”).
12
Q
Latent
A
- a time when nothing seems to happen
- oedipus and Electra complexes are resolved. Girl s identify with their mothers and boys with their fathers.
13
Q
Genital
A
- Another period where GENITALS come into play.
- boys and girls look at each other during puberty. they begin to dress for each other.
14
Q
Defense mechanisms
A
- “reality Principle” ego protects the personality.
- most of the things in the unconscious are repressed because they are unconscious.
- personality is threatened and is protected by the following ammunitions also called DEFENSE MECHANISMS.
1. Repression
2. Reaction formation
3. Denial
4. projection
5. Displacement
6. Sublimation
7. Regression
8. Rationalization
15
Q
repressions
A
- pushing memories into the unconscious
- threatening thoughts and ideas (e.g. incest)
- not remembering what happened after traumatic events and can’t be brought up into the conscious.
- we repress bad memories because we don’t want to confront those memories.
16
Q
Reaction formation
A
- defense mechanism that hides threatening impulses by OVER-EMPHASIZING the opposite thought and action.
(e. g. the christian minister that went to a brothel)
17
Q
Denial
A
- ego defense mechanism which REFUSES TO ACKNOWLEDGE anxiety provoking stimuli.
18
Q
Projection
A
- protect you own ego by attributing anxiety-provoking impulses or though to others.
(e. g. a selfish person saying someone else is selfish).
19
Q
Displacement
A
- id denfense mechanism which shifts the target of one’s unconscious fears and desires.
(e. g. letting anger out onto family after getting mad at your boss).
20
Q
Sublimation
A
- an ego defense mechanism where dangerous urges are transformed into positive ones.
(e. g. a controlling person becoming a good leader).
21
Q
Regression
A
- to regress to an earlier stage of behaviour
- men tend to regress to the point where they begin to treat their wives as their mothers.
22
Q
Rationalization
A
giving or trying to give a rational explanation to something that was impulse-driven.
23
Q
Freud’s perception of women
A
- Freud believed women where inferior to men because they did not have a penis.
- However, he believe pleasure is obtained through the vagina with orgasm - GENITAL STAGE
- women have an unconscious desire to suffer (he worked with a lot of abused women)
- First psychologist too begin to explain the difference between males and females
24
Q
Amnesia
A
Freud talked extensively about amnesia. Behavior might have been affected by experiences that can’t be remembered because they are pushed so far into the unconscious that we are unable to bring them out.
- Infant: Infantile Amnesia
- Retrograde
- Anterograde
25
Infant: Infantile amnesia
- Experiences that infants have, but can't be remembered
- as an adult, you are unable to remember the first 3 years of life except for some significant/traumatic events.
- In the first 3 years, the hippocampus is not able to carry out its full function.
26
Retrograde
- "After"
| When new information prevents one from recalling old information
27
Anterograde
- the interference comes from BEFORE learning new information
28
Resistance, Transference, Countertransference
Freud noticed resistance, transference, countertransference
29
Resistance
people resist going to therapy or accepting that they need it. (not showing up, over-sleeping, forgetting to show up, finding excuses - ALL UNCONSCIOUS)
30
Transference
- Transferring positive or negative attributions to the therapist ( client might see therapist as "father figure" and treat him as such)
- IMPORTANT ASPECT OF THERAPY because the therapist can begin to find out how the client behaves with others. UNCONSCIOUS
31
Countertransference
- the therapist can also transfer positive or negative attributions to the client. UNCONSCIOUS
- ERIKSON : even though the therapist is on his guard, once the client comes in and leaves, the client and the therapist change.
32
Modern Perception of Freud: Major Contributions
Major Contributions:
- emphasis on sexuality, particularly infant/child sexuality.
- sexuality as a motivating force.
the importance of early childhood experiences in molding personality.
- importance of the unconscious
33
Major Perception of Freud: Weaknesses
- most of his theories were derived from studying and working with pathology )sick people, neurotic people
- Most of his theories are difficult to confirm and aren't practical.
- His theories are very deterministic.
PSYC 221
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