PSYC CH3: Human Development

Question 1

Study of the normal changes in behaviors that occur across the lifespan.

Answer 1

Developmental Psychology

Question 2

Transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.

Answer 2

Heredity (“Nature”)

Question 3

Molecular structure that contains coded genetic info (contained in all humans nucleus)

Answer 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Question 4

Road like structure in the cell nucleus that house an individual’s genes. (23 from sperm & 23 from eggs)

Answer 4

Chromosomes

Question 5

Carry hereditary info and instructions located in the DNA of each chromosomes.

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

Problems caused by defects in genes or inherited characteristics such as sick-cells.

Answer 6

Genetic Disorder

Question 7

Gene who’s influence will be expressed each time that gene is presented.

Answer 7

Dominant Gene

Question 8

Gene whose influence will be expressed only with a second type of the same gene.

Answer 8

Recessive Gene

Question 9

Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination.

Answer 9

Polygenic Characteristics

Question 10

Sum of all external conditions affects a persons development.

Answer 10

Environment (“Nurture”)

Question 11

A harmful substance that can cause birth defects.

Answer 11

Teratogens

Question 12

Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb.

Answer 12

Congenital Problems

Question 13

Collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 13

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

Question 14

Period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. Also a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur.

Answer 14

Sensitive Period

Question 15

The loss or withholding of normal stimulation.

Answer 15

Deprivation

Question 16

Deliberately making a environment more stimulating.

Answer 16

Enrichment

Question 17

Study of changes in organisms that are caused by modification to gene expression rather than alteration of genetic code itself.

Answer 17

Epigenetics

Question 18

Physical growth and brain development of the body, brain, and nervous system.

Answer 18

Maturation

Question 19

Period which a person matures physically and sexually, capable of reproducing.

Answer 19

Puberty

Question 20

Period between childhood and adulthood.

Answer 20

Adolescence

Question 21

Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships.

Answer 21

Socioemotional Development

Question 22

Smiling elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a parent’s face.

Answer 22

Social Smile

Question 23

Conflict between personal impulses and the social world.

Answer 23

Psychosocial Dilemma

Question 24

Substitute mothers to use for research purposes.

Answer 24

Surrogate Mothers

Question 25

Pleasant or reassuring feeling that human and animal infants get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm.

Answer 25

Contact Comfort

Question 26

Distress displayed by infants when they are separated from their parents or principle caregivers.

Answer 26

Separation Anxiety

Question 27

General pattern of attention, arousal, and mood evident from birth.

Answer 27

Temperament

Question 28

Emotional bonding between an infant and its caregivers that results from infants feelings of security with the caregiver in times of stress and uncertainty.

Answer 28

Attachment

Question 29

A stable and positive emotional bond.

Answer 29

Secure Attachment

Question 30

Anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion with a parent or caregiver.

Answer 30

Insecure-avoidant Attachment

Question 31

Anxious emotional bond marked by both a desire to be with a parent or a caregiver and some resistance to being reunited.

Answer 31

Insecure-ambivalent Attachment

Question 32

From head to toe in physical movement.

Answer 32

Cephalocaudal

Question 33

From the center to the outer of body physical movement.

Answer 33

Proximodistal

Question 34

Parents who enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority.

Answer 34

Authoritarian Parent

Question 35

Use of physical punishment or coercion to enforce child discipline.

Answer 35

Power Assertion

Question 36

Withholding affection to enforce child discipline.

Answer 36

Withdrawal of Love

Question 37

A persons evaluation of once since of worth.

Answer 37

Self-esteem

Question 38

Parents who give little guidance, allow too much freedom, or do not require the child to take responsibility.

Answer 38

Permissive Parents

Question 39

Parents who supply firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection.

Answer 39

Authoritative Parents

Question 40

Socially acceptable period of extended adolescence that is now quite common in Westernized societies.

Answer 40

Emerging Adult

Question 41

Presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave.

Answer 41

Biological Predisposition

Question 42

Pattern of speech used when talking to infants, marked by a higher-pitched voice; short simple sentences, repetition, slower speech, an exaggerated voice.

Answer 42

Motherese (Parentese)

Question 43

Mental structure composed of an organized learned body of knowledge or skills about a particular topic.

Answer 43

Schema

Question 44

Application of an established schema to new objects or problems.

Answer 44

Assimilation

Question 45

Modification of established schema to fit a new objects or problem.

Answer 45

Accommodation (Learning)

Question 46

Piaget's initial stage of development; infant's mental activity is only sensory perception and motor skills.

Answer 46

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 47

Recognized that physical things continuously to exits, even when they are no longer visible.

Answer 47

Object Permanence

Question 48

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, characterized by the use of symbols and illogical thoughts.

Answer 48

Preoperational Stage

Question 49

Belief that everyone sees exactly what you see or think in the world.

Answer 49

Egocentrism

Question 50

Understanding that people's mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions, can be different from one's own.

Answer 50

Theory of Mind

Question 51

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, characterized by logical thought.

Answer 51

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 52

Piaget's term that physical quantities stay constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

Answer 52

Conservation

Question 53

Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to engage in thinking that includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas.

Answer 53

Formal Operational Stage

Question 54

Referring to a range of tasks that child cannot master alone, but that she or he can accomplish with the guidance of a capable partner.

Answer 54

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 55

Process of adjusting instruction so that it is responsive to a beginner's behavior and supports the beginner's efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill.

Answer 55

Scaffolding

Question 56

Development of values that along with appropriate emotions and cognitions, guide responsible behavior.

Answer 56

Moral Development

Question 57

Moral thinking based on the consequences of one's choices or actions.

Answer 57

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Question 58

Moral thinking based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values.

Answer 58

Conventional Moral Reasoning

Question 59

Moral thinking based on carefully examined and self-chosen moral principles.

Answer 59

Post conventional Moral Reasoning